Published online before print November 6, 2006, doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.642330
(Circulation. 2006;114:2271-2279.)
© 2006 American Heart Association, Inc.
Molecular Cardiology |
Integrin-Linked Kinase Expression Is Elevated in Human Cardiac Hypertrophy and Induces Hypertrophy in Transgenic Mice
From the Cancer Research Program, Research Institute (H.L., P.S.M., G.H.), Division of Cardiovascular Research (P.W.M.F., X.D., C.D., A.L., H.Y., A.H., J.G.C.), and Mouse Imaging Centre (M.H.), Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (Y.-Q.Z.), Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network (M.H.), and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (G.H.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Correspondence to Dr Gregory Hannigan, Cancer and Blood Research, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada (e-mail gregory.hannigan{at}sickkids.ca); or Dr J.G. Coles, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada (e-mail john.coles@sickkids.ca).
Received June 2, 2006; revision received July 27, 2006; accepted August 7, 2006.
 |
Abstract |
|---|
 Top Abstract IntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Background— Although numerous signaling pathways are known to be activated in experimental cardiac hypertrophy, the molecular basis of the hypertrophic response inherent in human heart diseases remains largely unknown. Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) is a multifunctional protein kinase that physically links ß-integrins with the actin cytoskeleton, suggesting a potential mechanoreceptor role.
Methods and Results— Here, we show a marked increase in ILK protein levels in hypertrophic ventricles of patients with congenital and acquired outflow tract obstruction. This increase in ILK was associated with activation of the Rho family guanine triphosphatases, Rac1 and Cdc42, and known hypertrophic signaling kinases, including extracellular signal-related kinases (ERK1/2) and p70 S6 kinase. Transgenic mice with cardiac-specific expression of a constitutively active ILK (ILKS343D) or wild-type ILK (ILKWT) exhibited a compensated ventricular hypertrophic phenotype and displayed an activation profile of guanine triphosphatases and downstream protein kinases concordant with that seen in human hypertrophy. In contrast, transgenic mice with cardiomyocyte-restricted expression of a kinase-inactive ILK (ILKR211A) were unable to mount a compensatory hypertrophic response to angiotensin II in vivo.
Conclusions— Taken together, these results identify ILK-regulated signaling as a broadly adaptive hypertrophic response mechanism relevant to a wide range of clinical heart disease.
Key Words: angiotensin • hypertrophy • molecular biology • signal transduction
|
Introduction |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Ventricular hypertrophy is an extremely common clinical condition that appears as a consequence of any variety of volume- and or pressure-overload stresses on the human heart.1,2 An increase in ventricular mass occurring in response to increased cardiac loading is generally viewed as a compensatory response that serves to normalize ventricular wall tension and improve pump function. Conversely, a sustained or excessive hypertrophic response typically is considered maladaptive on the basis of the progression to dilated cardiac failure sometimes observed clinically and the statistical association of ventricular hypertrophy with increased cardiac mortality.3 Whereas mouse models of cardiac hypertrophy have been generated by genetically induced alterations in the activation state of various kinases in the heart,4 limited information is available regarding the role of specific signaling pathways activated during human ventricular hypertrophy.
Clinical Perspective p 2279
In cardiomyocytes, integrins are thought to transduce biomechanical stress into a compensatory growth program on the basis of their role in linking the extracellular matrix with intracellular signaling pathways affecting growth and survival.5 Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) is a protein serine/threonine (Ser/Thr) kinase that binds to the cytoplasmic domains of ß1-, ß2-, and ß3-integrin subunits.6 ILK serves as a molecular scaffold at sites of integrin-mediated adhesion, anchoring cytoskeletal actin and nucleating a supramolecular complex made up minimally of ILK, particularly interesting new cysteine-histidine–rich protein, and ß-parvin.7 In addition to playing a structural role, ILK is a signaling kinase coordinating cues from the extracellular matrix in a phosphoinositide 3'-kinase (PI3K)–dependent manner following distinct signal inputs from integrins and growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases.8–10 ILK lies upstream of kinases shown in experimental models to modulate hypertrophy and in some cell types is required for phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt/PKB) at Ser473 and glycogen synthase kinase 3ß (GSK3ß) at Ser9.11,12 Rho-family guanine triphosphatases (GTPases, or G proteins), including RhoA, Cdc42, and Rac1, modulate signal transduction pathways regulating actin cytoskeletal dynamics in response to matrix interaction with integrin and other cell surface receptors (reviewed elsewhere13). Both RhoA and Rac1 have been shown to modulate cardiac hypertrophy.14,15 Extracellular matrix adhesion stimulates the increased association of activated GTP-bound Rac1 with the plasma membrane, suggesting a role for ILK in promoting membrane targeting of activated Rac1.16 ILK thus links integrins with the force-generating actin cytoskeleton and is therefore a candidate molecule in the transduction of mechanical signals initiated by altered loading conditions affecting the heart.
Here, we demonstrate that ILK protein expression is increased in the hypertrophic human ventricle and find that ILK expression levels correlate with increased GTP loading, or activation, of the small G protein Rac1. Transgenic mice with cardiac-specific activation of ILK signaling are shown to exhibit compensated left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy. In agreement with the findings in the human hypertrophic heart, ventricular lysates derived from ILK-overexpressing mice lines, as well as isolated human cardiomyocytes, exhibit higher levels of activated Rac1 and Cdc42 in association with activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, extracellular signal–regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), and p70 S6 kinase (p70S6K) cascades. The transgenic (Tg) models indicate that ILK induces a program of prohypertrophic kinase activation and suggest that ILK represents a critical node linking increased hemodynamic loading to a cardioprotective, hypertrophic signaling hierarchy. Moreover, the ILK Tg mouse is shown to provide a new model of cardiac hypertrophy that is highly relevant to human cardiac disease.
|
Methods |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
The methods used to generate Tg mouse lines for invasive hemodynamic measurements, for Western blot analyses, and for incorporation of [35S] methionine into isolated cardiomyocytes are given in the online Data Supplement.
Two-Dimensional Echocardiography
Serial 2-dimensional echocardiography was performed in male ILK Tg and nontransgenic (NTg) littermate mice at 10 to 12 weeks and 5 and 15 months of age. An ultrasound biomicroscope (VS40, VisualSonics Inc, Toronto, Ontario, Canada) with a transducer frequency of 30 MHz was used to make M-mode recordings of the left ventricle. Anterior and posterior LV free wall thickness and ventricular chamber dimensions were measured at end systole and end diastole; the contractility indexes, velocity of circumferential fiber shortening, percent fractional shortening, and LV ventricular mass were calculated as described.17
ILK Immune Complex Kinase Assay
Cells were lysed in NP40 buffer, supplemented with 1 mmol/L sodium orthovanadate and 5 mmol/L sodium fluoride as phosphatase inhibitors. Equal amounts of protein from these cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with anti-ILK polyclonal antibody, and immune complexes were incubated at 30°C for 30 minutes with myosin light chain II regulatory subunit (MLC20) (2.5 µg per reaction) and 
[32P] ATP (5 µCi per reaction) as previously described.6
Rho Family GTPase Activation Assays
Measurement of activated RhoA was performed with a pull-down assay based on specific binding of Rho-GTP to the Rho-binding domain of the Rho effector molecule rhoketin.18 Cdc42 and Rac1 activation was measured with a pull-down assay based on the ability of the p21-binding domain of p21-associated kinase to affinity precipitate Rac1-GTP and Cdc42-GTP as described.18
Infusion of Angiotensin II
Pressor doses of angiotensin II (Ang II; 2 µg · kg–1 · min–1) or saline were administered for 4 weeks via osmotic minipumps (Alzet model 2004, Durect Corp, Cupertino, Calif) to Tg mice harboring the kinase-inactive, cardiac-restricted ILK (R211A) mutation or to NTg littermate controls as described.19 The effects of Ang II on blood pressure were determined with a tail-cuff system (CODA 6, Kent Scientific, Torrington, Conn); hypertrophy was assessed by echocardiography and measurement of the ratio of heart weight to body weight; histological fibrosis was evaluated by Masson’s trichrome staining; and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to detect atrial natriuretic factor and type I collagen message as described.20
Histopathology
The hearts were weighed, embedded in paraffin, sectioned at 1-mm intervals, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin and Sirius red using standard methods.21 Micrographs were taken at both low (x2.5) and high (x40) magnification using fluorescent microscopy, and genotype-specific cardiomyocyte areas were determined from digital measurements of >500 cells per animal and 5 animals per genotype using Image J software (http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/).
Adenovirus-Mediated Expression of ILK Variants in Primary Cardiomyocytes
Human fetal cardiomyocytes (gestational age, 15 to 20 weeks) were obtained under an Institutional Review Board–approved protocol and cultured to 
50% confluence (day 3 to 4 after plating) in preparation for adenovirally mediated infection of ILK constructs as previously described.22,23 Replication-deficient serotype 5 adenovirus encoding the human wild-type ILK gene (Ad-ILKWT) or kinase-inactive (Ad-ILKR211A) or empty virus constructs previously shown to modulate ILK expression and activity in L6 myoblasts24 were used for infection of human fetal cardiomyocytes. Human fetal cardiomyocytes were infected at 37°C at a multiplicity of infection of 2. KP39225 and Kp307-226 are small-molecule inhibitors of ILK.
Human Ventricular Samples
All human tissue was acquired after protocol review and approval by the appropriate research ethics board, and the protocols were conducted in accordance with the Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans.
Statistical Methods
Determination of significant genotype-specific differences in 2-dimensional echocardiography and cardiac catheterization data relied on a paired t test or analysis of variance (ANOVA) in the case of serial measurements, followed by the multiple-comparison Bonferroni t test to assess differences among groups. The significance level was set at P<0.05.
The authors had full access to the data and take full responsibility for their integrity. All authors have read and agree to the manuscript as written.
|
Results |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
ILK Protein Levels Are Elevated in Human Cardiac Hypertrophy
To test for the participation of ILK in hypertrophic heart disease in vivo, we examined ILK expression in human ventricular tissue samples from patients with and without clinically evident hypertrophy. Ventricular samples were acquired from 2 patients in the first year of life with ventricular hypertrophy secondary to congenital outflow tract obstruction; control ventricular tissue was derived from structurally normal, 19-week human fetal hearts (n=2) and examined in parallel for levels of ILK expression. Ventricular tissue from these hearts exhibited a 5- to 6-fold increase in ILK protein levels over control levels (Figure 1A).
|
We then investigated whether ILK protein expression was elevated in hypertrophy caused by LV outflow tract obstruction because clinical hypertrophic heart disease more commonly affects the left ventricle. Surgical specimens were acquired from the LV outflow tract in adult patients (n=4) with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy exhibiting resting LV outflow tract obstruction gradients >50 mm Hg. Control ventricular tissue was obtained from structurally normal hearts (n=5) at the time of multiorgan transplantation procurement. Myocardial samples from hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy patients exhibited an 2-fold increase in ILK protein levels relative to control hearts (Figure 1B). We also measured levels of ß-parvin, a component of ILK multiprotein complexes. In contrast to ILK levels, ß-parvin levels were not significantly different from those of controls, indicating hypertrophy-specific upregulation of ILK. Thus, the cases of clinical hypertrophy all demonstrated elevated ILK protein, suggesting that this is a critical molecular response to increased cardiac loading and the development of hypertrophy.
ILK has been shown to activate Rho family GTPases, which also have been causally implicated in experimental hypertrophy.8 We therefore assayed the ventricular tissues directly for activation of RhoA, Cdc42, and Rac1 GTPases using specific affinity binding assays that distinguish the GDP-bound (inactive) and GTP-bound (active) states of each. Strikingly, there was an 2-fold and 10-fold increase in Rac1 GTP loading in the hypertrophic ventricular samples from patients with acquired and congenital outflow tract obstruction, respectively (Figure 2A and 2B). Cdc42 activation of 2-fold also was evident in both acquired and congenital hypertrophic lesions. Conversely, the levels of GTP-bound RhoA were unchanged between the control and hypertrophied ventricles. These results indicate selective activation of Rac1 and, to a lesser extent, Cdc42, coincident with increased ILK protein levels in human ventricular hypertrophy induced in both the left and right ventricles by obstructive hemodynamic loading.
|
Because the prohypertrophic kinases Akt/PKB, GSK3ß, and ERK1/2 are known targets of ILK, we ascertained whether these proteins also were elevated in the cases of human hypertrophy. Western blotting for total protein indicated equivalent levels of GSK3ß and ERK1/2 in the hypertrophied and normal hearts and an increase in PKB (Figure 3). We tested the hypertrophic hearts for concordant increases in the phosphorylation state of these targets of ILK that also have been implicated in the promotion of cardiac hypertrophy. Surprisingly, the phosphorylation state of Akt/PKB and GSK3ß was not increased above control levels in any of the samples from the human hypertrophic ventricles (Figure 3A and 3B), despite the increased ILK protein levels in these samples. This result suggests that an ILK-Rac1 hypertrophic pathway is separable from ILK signaling through PKB/Akt and GSK3ß. ERK1/227 and p70S6K,9 which are kinases downstream of ILK, also have been implicated in the promotion of experimental cardiac hypertrophy in vivo. In contrast to Akt/PKB and GSK3ß, ERK1/2 and p70S6K, but not p38 mitogen-activated protein, were strongly phosphorylated in ventricular lysates in the setting of LV outflow tract obstruction (Figure 3C).
|
Cardiac-Specific Expression of Activated ILK in Transgenic Mice Induces Hypertrophy
The selective elevation of ILK levels in clinical cases of cardiac hypertrophy prompted us to ask whether increased ILK expression causes cardiac hypertrophy. To directly test hypertrophic responses to ILK in vivo, we derived independent lines of Tg mice harboring different ILK transgenes expressed under control of the cardiac-specific 
-myosin heavy chain promoter. As discussed above, ILK is a multifunctional protein9; thus, our strategy was to generate lines expressing ILK variants that would allow us to differentiate kinase-dependent and -independent ILK functions in the heart. Toward this end, lines expressing constitutively activated ILKS343D, ILKWT, and ILKR211A were derived.28
These data, presented in the online Data Supplement, show that cardiac-restricted ILK overexpression (ILKS343D and ILKWT) results in a compensated hypertrophic phenotype and that the capacity for hypertrophy induction is lost in the ILK loss-of-function mutation (ILKR211A).
Induction of Cardiac Hypertrophy Is Dependent on the Activity of ILK
Our results showing hypertrophic induction by the activated ILK mutant and activity-dependent induction of ERK1/2 and p70S6K phosphorylation suggested that ILK-induced hypertrophy is dependent on ILK activity. To test this idea directly, we compared the hypertrophic status of hearts from Tg mice expressing ILKWT with hearts from ILKR211A Tg mice, which express a catalytically inactive variant of ILK. These data, presented in the online Data Supplement, indicate that the cardiac phenotypes of the various Tg mouse lines and the concordant changes in the phosphorylation state of ILK targets are dependent on the levels of ILK catalytic activity.
Ang II–Induced Hypertrophy Is Attenuated by ILK Loss of Function In Vivo
To test whether inhibiting ILK alters the cardiac remodeling response to a standard hypertrophic stimulus, pressor doses of Ang II (2 µg · kg–1 · min–1) or saline were administered for 4 weeks to Tg mice harboring the kinase-inactive, cardiac-restricted ILK (R211A) mutation, ILKR211A, and to NTg littermate controls. As reported by others,19,29 Ang II treatment resulted in increases in systolic and diastolic blood pressures (P<0.01 for all comparisons), which was similar in magnitude in Tg and NTg animals. Compared with NTg saline controls, NTg mice receiving Ang II exhibited concentric hypertrophy evident as a significant reduction in LV end-diastolic diameter and an increase in the ratio of heart weight to body weight and showed increased contractility evident as increased fractional shortening (the Table) (P<0.05 for all comparisons). Ang II–induced reduction in LV end-diastolic diameter and increased fractional shortening have been previously reported in wild-type mice.30 Compared with NTg mice receiving Ang II, ILKR211A mice treated with Ang II developed significantly less hypertrophy at 2 and 4 weeks as assessed by echocardiographic free wall thickness measurements (P<0.01, ANOVA) and by a reduction in the ratio of heart weight to body weight (P<0.05, ANOVA; the Table). Furthermore, ILKR211A mice showed abrogation of the compensatory increase in contractility as measured by percent fractional shortening in response to Ang II observed in NTg vehicle controls.
|
As assessed by quantitative RT-PCR, NTg mice exhibited significant increases in message for collagen type III and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) relative to NTg controls in response to Ang II–induced hypertrophy (supplemental Figure III). In contrast, the catalytically inactive ILK mutant, ILKR211A, showed no significant change in type III collagen or ANP message, which paralleled the blunted hypertrophic response to Ang II observed in this genotype (Figure 4).
|
Acute ILK-Dependent Rac1 Activation in Isolated Human Cardiomyocytes
To evaluate the effect of acute ILK upregulation on GTPase activation, we infected human fetal cardiomyocytes with adenoviruses expressing ILK (Ad-ILK) or an empty virus control. Infection with Ad-ILK stimulated an 3-fold increase in levels of GTP-bound Rac1 and an 7-fold increase in GTP-bound Cdc42 at 24 hours after infection (Figure 5). These stimulations were blocked by treatment of the Ad-ILK–infected cells with the small-molecule ILK inhibitor KP-392,31 further suggesting that ILK kinase activity is required for activation of these small GTPases. Infection of the cardiomyocytes with empty adenovirus carrying no ILK had no effect on the activation state of Rac1, Cdc42, or RhoA. These results indicate that, as in the Tg mouse hearts and during human hypertrophy caused by mechanical loading, acute upregulation of ILK in isolated cardiomyocytes directly activates Rac1 and Cdc42.
|
Acute ILK Activation Causes Hypertrophy in Isolated Human Cardiomyocytes
To evaluate the effect of acute ILK upregulation on hypertrophy induction, we infected human fetal cardiomyocytes with adenoviruses expressing wild-type ILK (Ad-ILK), mutant ILK (Ad-ILKR211A), virus vector (Ad-GFP), or no virus (control) for 36 hours. Expression of wild-type ILK, as opposed to expression of GFP or mutant ILK, markedly increased cell size and the extent of sarcomere organization (Figure 6A) and is supported by an 2 fold ILK-dependent increase in protein synthesis as measured by [35S] methionine incorporation (Figure 6B). These prohypertrophic effects were reversed by KP307-2, an ILK inhibitor.
|
ILK Activates the p70S6K Pathway in Isolated Human Cardiomyocytes
Ribosomal S6 protein is a component of the 40S subunit of the ribosome, which enhances protein translation by promoting ribosomal/mRNA association in response to activating phosphorylation mediated by p70S6K.32 Activation of p70S6K itself occurs by hierarchical phosphorylation at key regulatory sites, including the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) sites, Ser371 and Thr389, and ERK1/2-specific sites, Thr421 and Ser424. Adenoviral overexpression of wild-type ILK, but not the ILKR211A mutant construct or GFP control, caused activation of p70S6K at Ser371 and Thr389, which was prevented by the small-molecule ILK inhibitor KP307-226 (Figure 6C). Because Thr421 and Ser424 are targets of ERK1/2,33 we tested whether phosphorylation at these sites was ILK dependent. In concordance with the findings in the Tg mouse hearts (supplementary Figure IIIc and IIId) and human hypertrophic hearts (Figure 3C), our results indicate that acute ILK upregulation in human fetal cardiomyocytes in vitro also induces KP307-2–inhibitable phosphorylation of p70S6K; specifically, ILK activation resulted in an increased intensity of phospho-Thr421/Ser424 and phospho-Thr389 of p70S6K, indicating cooperative regulation by ERK1/2 and mTOR kinases, respectively (Figure 6C). Further evidence in support of ILK-dependent activation of p70S6K was the finding of increased ILK-specific phosphorylation of S6 ribosomal protein, which is a downstream target of p70S6K (Figure 6C).
|
Discussion |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Principal Findings
Protein kinases are increasingly understood to be important regulators of cardiac hypertrophy; however, the critical question arises of whether kinases known to induce experimental hypertrophy are, in fact, upregulated or activated as a feature of human cardiac hypertrophy. To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first to unequivocally demonstrate increased expression and activity of a candidate mechanotransducer, namely ILK, in human cardiac hypertrophy. Moreover, we show that moderate upregulation of ILK in the myocardium of Tg mice causes a compensated form of cardiac hypertrophy, as evidenced by preserved systolic and diastolic function, absence of histopathological fibrosis, and normal lifespan. Among a number of hypertrophy-inducing protein kinases that we examined, only 2, ILK and PKB, demonstrated elevated protein levels in association with hypertrophy. Of these, ILK was consistently elevated in both congenital and acquired hypertrophy. Two independent Tg mice lines harboring cardiomyocyte-restricted overexpression of ILK exhibited a profile of protein kinase activation strikingly similar to that seen in human cardiac hypertrophy. The fact that ILK upregulation is associated with mechanical load-induced hypertrophy (secondary to congenital and acquired forms of outflow tract obstruction) in which global cardiac function was preserved provides compelling evidence that ILK activation is associated with a provokable, compensatory form of hypertrophy in the human heart. We also show that hypertrophy associated with hypertension induced by Ang II is attenuated in Tg mice harboring the catalytic ILK mutant. Abrogation of the compensatory increase in contractility (observed in control Ang II–treated animals) in ILK mutant mice further reinforces the thesis that ILK is involved in a beneficial cardiac remodeling response. Our results showing a blunted hypertrophic response to Ang II in the ILK loss-of-function mutation are also consistent with the finding that Ang II was shown to activate cardiomyocyte Rac1.34 The potential exists that the kinase-inactive ILK mutant does not cause true loss of function and may sequester another positive regulator of the hypertrophic response to Ang II, which may act independently of or in concert with ILK. Taken together, our human and mouse data suggest that ILK is a proximal mechanotransducer, acting to coordinate a program of downstream hypertrophic signal transduction in response to pressure overload in the myocardium.
Downstream Pathways Activated by ILK-Induced Hypertrophy
The lack of ILK-induced Akt/PKB and GSK3ß phosphorylation in ILK Tg mice was unexpected, given that ILK is regulated in a PI3K-dependent manner and has been shown to directly phosphorylate both target kinases in noncardiomyocytes,6,8,9,11 and contrasts with findings from genetic models of cardiac-specific PI3K and Akt/PKB activation, which feature increased phosphorylation of both Akt/PKB and GSK3ß in proportion to the degree of hypertrophy.35,36 We note, however, that levels of PKB Ser473 and GSK-3ß Ser9 phosphorylation are quite high in both murine and human control hearts, consistent with the requirement for a threshold basal level of activation of these kinases, which may permit the induction of ILK-mediated hypertrophic signaling. Thus, our results are consistent with the operation of a p110/ILK/Rac1 pathway but suggest that the ILK-specific hypertrophy is not critically dependent on increased phosphorylation of PKB/Akt or GSK3ß. The relative deactivation of Akt/PKB during ILK transgenesis is consistent with the finding that activation of Akt/PKB and inhibitory phosphorylation of GSK3ß occur in advanced failure but not during compensated hypertrophy in human hearts.37 Thus, the lack of highly activated Akt/PKB in murine and human hearts exhibiting elevated ILK expression may be a signature of compensated hypertrophy.
ILK-Induced Hypertrophy Features Activation of Rac1 and p70S6K
Our results in Tg mice with ILK overexpression and in human hypertrophy and isolated human cardiomyocytes concordantly point to the selective activation of p70S6K as an important signal transducer element mediating ILK-driven myocyte hypertrophy. S6 kinases promote protein translation by phosphorylating the S6 protein of small ribosomal subunits and are required for mTOR-dependent muscle cell growth.38 Activation of p70S6K can occur by dual activation of an mTOR-dependent pathway targeting Thr389 and an ERK1/2-dependent pathway targeting Thr421/Ser424, both of which are independent of the Akt/PKB pathway.32,33 Further evidence in support of ILK-dependent activation of p70S6K was the finding in isolated cardiomyocytes of increased ILK-specific phosphorylation of S6 ribosomal protein, which is a downstream target of p70S6K. Our results extend the recent finding that the tripartite complex of ILK and the cytoskeletal interacting proteins particularly interesting new cysteine-histidine–rich protein and -parvin is necessary for phenylalanine-induced hypertrophy in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes39 and are consistent with the physiological hypertrophic response and augmented cardiac function associated with genetic stimulation of the ERK1/2 branch of the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway.40 Considered together, our results indicate conservation of downstream signaling specificity resulting from ILK activation in both murine and human hypertrophy, which features activation of Rac1- and p70S6K-mediated signaling. Full elucidation of the unique network of effectors induced during ILK gain of function requires application of high-throughput functional proteomic approaches to genetic models and to stage-specific human diseases characterized by hypertrophic remodeling.
The reciprocal pattern of activation of Rac1 and deactivation of Rho has precedents and reflects opposing effects of these monomeric GTPases on the cytoskeleton at the leading edge of migrating cells.41 Similarly, our results show reciprocal effects both in vitro and in vivo on the activation of Rac1/Cdc42 and Rho in response to ILK upregulation. These data are thus consistent with the observation that Tg mice overexpressing RhoA develop a predominantly dilated cardiomyopathic phenotype42 that is antithetical to that observed with ILK activation. Our results showing a compensatory form of hypertrophy associated with activation of Rac1 also fit with the conclusion from a recent review that activation of RhoA and its principal effector kinase Rho-associated coiled-coiled protein kinase is generally deleterious in various models of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion, infarction, and congestive heart failure.34
Implications
In summary, our results identify a novel role for ILK-regulated signaling in mediating a broadly adaptive form of cardiac hypertrophy. The effects of small-molecule inhibitors of ILK demonstrated experimentally43 suggest that this pathway is therapeutically tractable and, together with our results, that modulation of the ILK pathway warrants evaluation as a novel approach to enhance the remodeling process relevant to a wide range of cardiac diseases.
|
Acknowledgments |
|---|
We wish to thank Linda Wei (HSC Transgenic Facility) for performing microinjections, Dr M. Walsh for the gift of MLC20 protein, and Dr S. Dedhar (University of British Columbia) for generously providing KP392 and KP307-2 inhibitors. We also thank Drs Rae Yeung and Benjamin Alman (HSC) for comments and critical reading of the manuscript.
Sources of Funding
This work was supported by Canadian Institutes of Health grant MOP 53059 (to Dr Coles and Hannigan) and by Heart and Stroke Foundation of Ontario grant NA5519. Dr Henkelman is supported by a Career Investigator Award of the Heart & Stroke Foundation of Ontario.
Disclosures
None.
|
References |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
- Sano M, Abdellatif M, Oh H, Xie M, Bagella L, Giordano A, Michael LH, DeMayo FJ, Schneider MD. Activation and function of cyclin T-Cdk9 (positive transcription elongation factor-b) in cardiac muscle-cell hypertrophy. Nat Med. 2002; 8: 1310–1317.[CrossRef][Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
- Sano M, Schneider MD. Still stressed out but doing fine: normalization of wall stress is superfluous to maintaining cardiac function in chronic pressure overload. Circulation. 2002; 105: 8–10.
[Free Full Text] - Mathew J, Sleight P, Lonn E, Johnstone D, Pogue J, Yi Q, Bosch J, Sussex B, Probstfield J, Yusuf S. Reduction of cardiovascular risk by regression of electrocardiographic markers of left ventricular hypertrophy by the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor ramipril. Circulation. 2001; 104: 1615–1621.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Oudit GY, Sun H. Kerfant BG, Crackower MA, Penninger JM, Back PH. The role of phosphoinositide-3 kinase and PTEN in cardiovascular physiology and disease. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2004; 37: 449–471.[CrossRef][Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
- Schwartz MA, Schaller MD, Ginsberg MH. Integrins: emerging paradigms of signal transduction. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 1995; 11: 549–599.[CrossRef][Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
- Hannigan GE, Leung-Hagesteijn C, Fitz-Gibbon L, Coppolino MG, Radeva G, Filmus J, Bell JC, Dedhar S. Regulation of cell adhesion and anchorage-dependent growth by a new beta 1-integrin-linked protein kinase. Nature. 1996; 379: 91–96.[CrossRef][Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
- Wu C. ILK interactions. J Cell Sci. 2001; 114: 2549–2550.[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
- Troussard AA, Tan C, Yoganathan TN, Dedhar S. Cell-extracellular matrix interactions stimulate the AP-1 transcription factor in an integrin-linked kinase- and glycogen synthase kinase 3-dependent manner. Mol Cell Biol. 1999; 19: 7420–7427.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Hannigan G, Troussard AA, Dedhar S. Integrin-linked kinase: a cancer therapeutic target unique among its ILK. Nat Rev Cancer. 2005; 5: 51–63.[CrossRef][Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
- Persad S, Attwell S, Gray V, Delcommenne M, Troussard A, Sanghera J, Dedhar S. Inhibition of integrin-linked kinase (ILK) suppresses activation of protein kinase B/Akt and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of PTEN-mutant prostate cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000; 97: 3207–3212.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Troussard AA, Mawji NM, Ong C, Mui A, St Arnaud R, Dedhar S. Conditional knock-out of integrin-linked kinase demonstrates an essential role in protein kinase B/Akt activation. J Biol Chem. 2003; 278: 22374–22378.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Antos CL, McKinsey TA, Frey N, Kutschke W, McAnally J, Shelton JM, Richardson JA, Hill JA, Olson EN. Activated glycogen synthase-3 beta suppresses cardiac hypertrophy in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002; 99: 907–912.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Raftopoulou M, Hall A. Cell migration: Rho GTPases lead the way. Dev Biol. 2004; 265: 23–32.[CrossRef][Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
- Pracyk JB, Tanaka K, Hegland DD, Kim KS, Sethi R, Rovira II, Blazina DR, Lee L, Bruder JT, Kovesdi I. A requirement for the rac1 GTPase in the signal transduction pathway leading to cardiac myocyte hypertrophy. J Clin Invest. 1998; 102: 929–937.[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
- Nakagami H, Jensen KS, Liao JK. A novel pleiotropic effect of statins: prevention of cardiac hypertrophy by cholesterol-independent mechanisms. Ann Med. 2003; 35: 398–403.[CrossRef][Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
- del Pozo MA, Alderson NB, Kiosses WB, Chiang HH, Anderson RG, Schwartz MA. Integrins regulate Rac targeting by internalization of membrane domains. Science. 2004; 303: 839–842.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Collins KA, Korcarz CE, Lang RM. Use of echocardiography for the phenotypic assessment of genetically altered mice. Physiol Genomics. 2003; 13: 227–239.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Miao H, Li S, Hu YL, Yuan S, Zhao Y, Chen BP, Puzon-McLaughlin W, Tarui T, Shyy JY, Takada Y. Differential regulation of Rho GTPases by beta1 and beta3 integrins: the role of an extracellular domain of integrin in intracellular signaling. J Cell Sci. 2002; 115: 2199–2206.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Matsui Y, Jia N, Okamoto H, Kon S, Onozuka H, Akino M, Liu L, Morimoto J, Rittling SR, Denhardt D, Kitabatake A, Uede T. Role of osteopontin in cardiac fibrosis and remodeling in angiotensin II–induced cardiac hypertrophy. Hypertension. 2004; 43: 1195–1201.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Kook H, Lepore JJ, Gitler AD, Lu MM, Wing-Man Yung W, Mackay J, Zhou R, Ferrari V, Gruber P, Epstein JA. Cardiac hypertrophy and histone deacetylase-dependent transcriptional repression mediated by the atypical homeodomain protein Hop. J Clin Invest. 2003; 112: 863–871.[CrossRef][Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
- Creemers E, Cleutjens J, Smits J, Heymans S, Moons L, Collen D, Daemen M, Carmeliet P. Disruption of the plasminogen gene in mice abolishes wound healing after myocardial infarction. Am J Pathol. 2000; 156: 1865–1873.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Coles JG, Takahashi M, Grant D, Dai X, Du C, Boscarino C, Hannigan G. Cardioprotective stress response in the human fetal heart. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005; 129: 1128–1136.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Craig R, Wagner M, McCardle T, Craig AG, Glembotski CC. The cytoprotective effects of the glycoprotein 130 receptor-coupled cytokine, cardiotrophin-1, require activation of NF-kappa B. J Biol Chem. 2001; 276: 37621–37629.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Miller MG, Naruszewicz I, Kumar AS, Ramlal T, Hannigan GE. Integrin-linked kinase is a positive mediator of L6 myoblast differentiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003; 310: 796–803.[CrossRef][Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
- Mills J, Digicaylioglu M, Legg AT, Young CE, Young SS, Barr AM, Fletcher L, O’Connor TP, Dedhar S. Role of integrin-linked kinase in nerve growth factor-stimulated neurite outgrowth. J Neurosci. 2003; 23: 1638–1648.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Yau CY, Wheeler JJ, Sutton KL, Hedley DW. Inhibition of integrin-linked kinase by a selective small molecule inhibitor, QLT0254, inhibits the PI3K/PKB/mTOR, Stat3, and FKHR pathways and tumor growth, and enhances gemcitabine-induced apoptosis in human orthotopic primary pancreatic cancer xenografts. Cancer Res. 2005; 65: 1497–1504.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Bueno OF, De Windt LJ, Tymitz KM, Witt SA, Kimball TR, Klevitsky R, Hewett TE, Jones SP, Lefer DJ, Peng CF, Kitsis RN, Molkentin JD. The MEK1-ERK1/2 signaling pathway promotes compensated cardiac hypertrophy in transgenic mice. EMBO J. 2000; 19: 6341–6350.[CrossRef][Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
- Kumar AS, Naruszewicz I, Wang P, Leung-Hagesteijn C, Hannigan GE. ILKAP regulates ILK signaling and inhibits anchorage-independent growth. Oncogene. 2004; 23: 3454–3461.[CrossRef][Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
- Kee HJ, Sohn IS, Nam KI, Park JE, Qian YR, Yin Z, Ahn Y, Jeong MH, Bang YJ, Kim N, Kim JK, Kim KK, Epstein JA, Kook H. Inhibition of histone deacetylation blocks cardiac hypertrophy induced by angiotensin II infusion and aortic banding. Circulation. 2006; 113: 51–59.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Freund C, Schmidt-Ullrich R, Baurand A, Dunger S, Schneider W, Loser P, El-Jamali A, Dietz R, Scheidereit C, Bergmann MW. Requirement of nuclear factor-kappaB in angiotensin II– and isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy in vivo. Circulation. 2005; 111: 2319–2325.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Yoganathan N, Yee A, Zhang Z, Leung D, Yan J, Fazli L, Kojic DL, Costello PC, Jabali M, Dedhar S, Sanghera J. Integrin-linked kinase, a promising cancer therapeutic target: biochemical and biological properties. Pharmacol Ther. 2002; 93: 233–242.[CrossRef][Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
- Lehman JA, Calvo V, Gomez-Cambronero J. Mechanism of ribosomal p70S6 kinase activation by granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor in neutrophils: cooperation of a MEK-related, THR421/SER424 kinase and a rapamycin-sensitive, m-TOR-related THR389 kinase. J Biol Chem. 2003; 278: 28130–28138.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Wing LY, Chen HM, Chuang PC, Wu MH, Tsai SJ. The mammalian target of rapamycin-p70 ribosomal S6 kinase but not phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt signaling is responsible for fibroblast growth factor-9-induced cell proliferation. J Biol Chem. 2005; 280: 19937–19947.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Brown JH, Del Re DP, Sussman MA. The Rac and Rho hall of fame: a decade of hypertrophic signaling hits. Circ Res. 2006; 98: 730–742.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Delcommenne M, Tan C, Gray V, Rue L, Woodgett J, Dedhar S. Phosphoinositide-3-OH kinase-dependent regulation of glycogen synthase kinase 3 and protein kinase B/AKT by the integrin-linked kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998; 95: 11211–11216.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Crackower MA, Oudit GY, Kozieradzki I, Sarao R, Sun H, Sasaki T, Hirsch E, Suzuki A, Shioi T, Irie-Sasaki J, Sah R, Cheng HY, Rybin VO, Lembo G, Fratta L, Oliveira-dos-Santos AJ, Benovic JL, Kahn CR, Izumo S, Steinberg SF, Wymann MP, Backx PH, Penninger JM. Regulation of myocardial contractility and cell size by distinct PI3K-PTEN signaling pathways. Cell. 2002; 110: 737–749.[CrossRef][Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
- Haq S, Choukroun G, Lim H, Tymitz KM, del Monte F, Gwathmey J, Grazette L, Michael A, Hajjar R, Force T, Molkentin JD. Differential activation of signal transduction pathways in human hearts with hypertrophy versus advanced heart failure. Circulation. 2001; 103: 670–677.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Ohanna M, Sobering AK, Lapointe T, Lorenzo L, Praud C, Petroulakis E, Sonenberg N, Kelly PA, Sotiropoulos A, Pende M. Atrophy of S6K1(-/-) skeletal muscle cells reveals distinct mTOR effectors for cell cycle and size control. Nat Cell Biol. 2005; 7: 286–294.[CrossRef][Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
- Chen H, Huang XN, Yan W, Chen K, Guo L, Tummalapali L, Dedhar S, St-Arnaud R, Wu C, Sepulveda JL. Role of the integrin-linked kinase/PINCH1/alpha-parvin complex in cardiac myocyte hypertrophy. Lab Invest. 2005; 85: 1342–1356.[CrossRef][Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
- Braz JC, Bueno OF, Liang Q, Wilkins BJ, Dai YS, Parsons S, Braunwart J, Glascock BJ, Klevitsky R, Kimball TF, Hewett TE, Molkentin JD. Targeted inhibition of p38 MAPK promotes hypertrophic cardiomyopathy through upregulation of calcineurin-NFAT signaling. J Clin Invest. 2003; 111: 1475–1486.[CrossRef][Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
- Wu C, Dedhar S. Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) and its interactors: a new paradigm for the coupling of extracellular matrix to actin cytoskeleton and signaling complexes. J Cell Biol. 2001; 155: 505–510.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Sah VP, Minamisawa S, Tam SP, Wu TH, Dorn GW 2nd, Ross J Jr, Chien KR, Brown JH. Cardiac-specific overexpression of RhoA results in sinus and atrioventricular nodal dysfunction and contractile failure. J Clin Invest. 1999; 103: 1627–1634.[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
- Yau CY, Wheeler JJ, Sutton KL, Hedley DW Inhibition of integrin-linked kinase by a selective small molecule inhibitor, QLT0254, inhibits the PI3K/PKB/mTOR, Stat3, and FKHR pathways and tumor growth, and enhances gemcitabine-induced apoptosis in human orthotopic primary pancreatic cancer xenografts. Cancer Res. 2005; 65: 1497–1504.
[Abstract/Free Full Text]
CLINICAL PERSPECTIVE
This study identifies a novel role for the multifunctional serine/threonine kinase, integrin-linked kinase (ILK), in the process of cardiac hypertrophy induction, which is notable because it appears to be relevant to human cardiovascular disease. ILK has emerged as an important kinase target in the processes of transformation and oncogenesis in many cell types. However, increased ILK expression in the heart, an organ notoriously resistant to transformation, seems to lead to a hypertrophic phenotype. Although the distinction between compensatory and maladaptive hypertrophic responses remains a clinically urgent question in the field, our results suggest that ILK activation is a signature of a compensatory type of response. This inference is based on the findings of elevated expression levels of ILK in distinct examples of apparently adaptive human hypertrophic responses and is reinforced by the concordance of phenotype and activation profile of signaling cascades found in transgenic mouse lines exhibiting variable degrees of ILK activation. Viewed this way, activation of target kinase signaling pathways modulated by ILK offers a theoretical but testable strategy for selectively boosting the adaptive response to chronic hypertrophic stimuli at the cardiomyocyte level. This approach should be potentially useful even after the transition to dilated heart failure characteristic of the advanced stages of a wide range of cardiovascular diseases.
|
Footnotes |
|---|
The online-only Data Supplement, consisting of expanded Methods, tables, and figures, is available with this article at http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.642330/DC1.
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  B. Ho, G. Hou, J. G. Pickering, G. Hannigan, B. L. Langille, and M. P. Bendeck Integrin-Linked Kinase in the Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Response to Injury Am. J. Pathol., July 1, 2008; 173(1): 278 - 288. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. de Frutos, L. Duling, D. Alo, T. Berry, O. Jackson-Weaver, M. Walker, N. Kanagy, and L. Gonzalez Bosc NFATc3 is required for intermittent hypoxia-induced hypertension Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, May 1, 2008; 294(5): H2382 - H2390. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Oka, J. Xu, R. A. Kaiser, J. Melendez, M. Hambleton, M. A. Sargent, A. Lorts, E. W. Brunskill, G. W. Dorn II, S. J. Conway, et al. Genetic Manipulation of Periostin Expression Reveals a Role in Cardiac Hypertrophy and Ventricular Remodeling Circ. Res., August 3, 2007; 101(3): 313 - 321. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Knoll, R. Postel, J. Wang, R. Kratzner, G. Hennecke, A. M. Vacaru, P. Vakeel, C. Schubert, K. Murthy, B. K. Rana, et al. Laminin-{alpha}4 and Integrin-Linked Kinase Mutations Cause Human Cardiomyopathy Via Simultaneous Defects in Cardiomyocytes and Endothelial Cells Circulation, July 31, 2007; 116(5): 515 - 525. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Arab, I. E. Konstantinov, C. Boscarino, E. Cukerman, A. Mori, J. Li, P. P. Liu, A. N. Redington, and J. G. Coles Early gene expression profiles during intraoperative myocardial ischemia-reperfusion in cardiac surgery J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., July 1, 2007; 134(1): 74 - 81. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. E. Hannigan, J. G. Coles, and S. Dedhar Integrin-Linked Kinase at the Heart of Cardiac Contractility, Repair, and Disease Circ. Res., May 25, 2007; 100(10): 1408 - 1414. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| |||||||||||||||