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(Circulation. 1998;98:2117-2125.)
© 1998 American Heart Association, Inc.
Clinical Investigation and Reports |
Evaluation of a Weight-Adjusted Single-Bolus Plasminogen Activator in Patients With Myocardial Infarction
A Double-Blind, Randomized Angiographic Trial of Lanoteplase Versus Alteplase
Presented in part at the Scientific Session of the American College of Cardiology, March 17, 1997.
From the University Hospital Groningen, Netherlands (P.d.H.); Academic Hospital Maastricht, Netherlands (F.V.); Universita degli Studi de Bologna, Italy (E.A.); Instytut Kardiologii, Warsaw, Poland (Z.S.); Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain (J.L.L.-S.); Stiftsklinikum Augustinum, Munich, Germany (R.v.E.); Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France (P.B.); VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Okla (U.T.); Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Ireland (J.A.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium (L.P.); Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Md (J.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.F.D.); University of Texas Medical School, Houston (R.W.S.); Akademiska Sjukhuset, Uppsala, Sweden (L.W.); Heart Institute, Kaplan Hospital, Rehovot, Israel (A.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb Co, Munich, Germany (A.P.); Bristol-Myers Squibb Co, Waterloo, Belgium (L.T.); and Bristol-Myers Squibb Co, Princeton, NJ (C.H., D.H., P.C.). Peter den Heijer is now at Ignatius Ziekenhuis, Breda, Netherlands.
Correspondence to Paul Chew, MD, Bristol-Myers Squibb, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08540.
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Abstract |
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 Top Abstract IntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionAppendix 1References |
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Background—Lanoteplase (nPA) is a rationally designed variant of tissue plasminogen activator with greater fibrinolytic potency and slower plasma clearance than alteplase.
Methods and Results—InTIME (Intravenous nPA for Treatment of Infarcting Myocardium Early), a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, double-placebo angiographic trial, evaluated the dose-response relationship and safety of single-bolus, weight-adjusted lanoteplase. Patients (n=602) presenting within 6 hours of acute myocardial infarction were randomized and treated with either a single-bolus injection of lanoteplase (15, 30, 60, or 120 kU/kg) or accelerated alteplase. The primary objective was to determine TIMI grade flow at 60 minutes. Angiographic assessments were also performed at 90 minutes and on days 3 to 5. Follow-up was continued for 30 days. Lanoteplase achieved its primary objective, demonstrating a dose-response in TIMI grade 3 flow at 60 minutes (23.6% to 47.1% of subjects, P<0.001). Similar results were observed at 90 minutes (26.1% to 57.1%, P<0.001). At 90 minutes, coronary patency (TIMI 2 or 3) increased across the dose range up to 83% of subjects at 120 kU/kg lanoteplase compared with 71.4% with alteplase. Thus, at this dose, lanoteplase was superior to alteplase in restoring coronary patency (difference, 12%; 95% CI, 1% to 23%). The early safety experience in this study suggests that lanoteplase was well tolerated at all doses with safety comparable to that of alteplase.
Conclusions—Lanoteplase, a single-bolus, weight-adjusted agent, increased coronary patency at 60 and 90 minutes in a dose-dependent fashion. Coronary patency at 90 minutes was achieved more frequently with 120 kU/kg lanoteplase than alteplase. In this study, safety with lanoteplase and alteplase was comparable. InTIME-II, a worldwide mortality trial, will evaluate efficacy and safety with this promising new agent.
Key Words: plasminogen activators • thrombolysis • reperfusion • myocardial infarction • trials
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Introduction |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionAppendix 1References |
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Thrombolytic therapy reduces mortality in acute myocardial infarction (AMI).1 2 3 Time to treatment and achievement of complete reperfusion (TIMI grade 3 flow) are critical factors.4 5 Early treatment and complete TIMI grade 3 flow have been facilitated by faster delivery regimens for accelerated alteplase3 and double-bolus reteplase.6 7 8 Simpler effective regimens, such as a single-bolus injection, may offer additional benefits through earlier achievement of reperfusion and by reduction in the risk of dosing errors.
Efforts to improve thrombolytic efficacy are tempered by the risk of serious bleeding, particularly hemorrhagic stroke. As the use of thrombolytic agents has expanded to include more elderly patients, women, and patients with hypertension, there is a suggestion of increased hemorrhagic stroke.9 Use of a fully weight-adjusted dose may optimize the risk-benefit ratio with thrombolytic therapy.
Lanoteplase (novel plasminogen activator, nPA)
is a rationally designed variant of wild-type tissue
plasminogen activator (tPA) developed to
achieve greater fibrinolytic potency and prolonged plasma half-life.
Lanoteplase does not contain the fibronectin fingerlike and epidermal
growth factor domains of wild-type tPA, accounting for its slower
clearance.10 11 12 Like alteplase, lanoteplase has
enhanced fibrinolytic activity in the presence of fibrin-related
plasminogen. Despite deletion of the fingerlike domain,
lanoteplase retains some fibrin specificity relative to streptokinase
and urokinase. In addition, an asparagine-to-glutamine change was made
at residue 117 to prevent this glycosylation site from being
occupied.13 These modifications allow delivery of
effective thrombolytic therapy as a single 2- to
4-minute injection. In human volunteers, the half-life for
plasminogen activation activity is 
37±11 minutes, which
permits single-bolus dosing.14
InTIME (Intravenous nPA for Treatment of Infarcting Myocardium Early) was a multicenter (Europe and North America), double-blind, randomized, double-placebo dose-ranging study comparing 4 doses of lanoteplase with accelerated alteplase. The primary objective of InTIME was to determine whether single-bolus lanoteplase restored complete coronary blood flow (TIMI grade 3) in a dose-related fashion at 60 minutes after initiation of therapy in patients presenting within 6 hours of suspected AMI. The preliminary safety and tolerability profile of lanoteplase was also evaluated. Additional objectives of the study included evaluation of TIMI grade 3 flow, of coronary patency (TIMI grade 2 and TIMI grade 3 flow) at 90 minutes after initiation of therapy, and of angiographic reocclusion on days 3 to 5 after initiation of therapy. The predefined composite end point of unfavorable clinical outcome at 30 days was also evaluated.
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Methods |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionAppendix 1References |
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Study Population
Men and postmenopausal or surgically sterile women between the ages of 18 and 80 years, presenting within 6 hours of suspected AMI, were eligible for the study if the following criteria were met: ischemic symptoms lasting
20 minutes, ST-segment elevation of
0.1 mV in 2 contiguous limb leads or 0.2 mV in 2 contiguous
precordial leads or new left bundle-branch block, and ability to
receive study medication within 6 hours of symptom onset and to undergo
coronary angiography within 60 minutes after starting study
medication.
Patients were excluded if any of the following conditions were
present: bleeding diathesis; active or recent internal bleeding;
history of cerebrovascular accident; intracranial neoplasm,
arteriovenous malformation, or aneurysm; systolic blood
pressure 180 mm Hg; diastolic blood pressure
110 mm Hg; recent major surgery, trauma, or
cardiopulmonary resuscitation; likelihood of left heart
thrombus; acute pericarditis or subacute bacterial endocarditis;
significant liver or renal disease; oral anticoagulation; Killip class
IV heart failure; recent revascularization; history
or symptoms of aortic dissection; or any other medical condition that
would interfere with study participation or produce significant risk to
the patient. The protocol was approved by local ethics committees, and
informed consent was obtained from all patients.
Treatment Protocol
Patients were randomized to receive 1 of 4 doses of lanoteplase
and the alteplase placebo or accelerated alteplase and the lanoteplase
placebo in a 1:1:1:1:1 ratio. All patients received only 1
active thrombolytic. The sequence of the lanoteplase
(or placebo) single bolus or alteplase (or placebo) bolus was also
randomized. The 30- and 60-minute infusions of alteplase or placebo
were always given last. Lanoteplase was administered as a
weight-adjusted dose of 15, 30, 60, or 120 kU/kg (not to exceed 12 000
kU). Lanoteplase or its matching placebo was administered as a split
single bolus (due to provision of drug in 2 vials to allow full dose
range) over 2 to 4 minutes. Alteplase or its matching placebo was
administered according to the accelerated regimen from
GUSTO3 ; 15 mg was given by
intravenous bolus followed by doses of 0.75 mg/kg (not to
exceed 50 mg) over 30 minutes, then 0.5 mg/kg (not to exceed 35 mg)
over 60 minutes.
Aspirin 150 to 325 mg/d and heparin 5000 U by intravenous bolus followed by 1000 U/h for at least 48 hours and adjusted to activated partial thromboplastin time of 60 to 85 seconds were initiated before study medication. Conventional antianginal therapy, long-acting nitrates, calcium channel blockers, ß-blockers, and standard care were also initiated. Investigational treatments and devices were not permitted within 30 days before or during the study. Other thrombolytic agents were not permitted during the study.
Study End Points
Primary and secondary end points were prospectively determined.
Angiographic evaluations of TIMI grade flow in the infarct-related
artery were obtained 60 minutes (primary end point) and 90 minutes
(secondary end point) after initiation of study medication. Another
coronary angiogram was required between days 3 and 5, unless
revascularization was performed or the initial TIMI
grade was 0 or 1. The Angiographic Core Laboratory (Cleveland Clinic,
Cleveland, Ohio) evaluated all angiograms in a blinded fashion. Patency
of the infarct-related artery was classified according to TIMI
criteria.15
Brief physical examinations, laboratory tests, and 12-lead ECGs were performed daily during hospitalization to monitor patients for myocardial reinfarction, heart failure, recurrent ischemic symptoms, coronary revascularization, bleeding, and other adverse events. The presence of these events was also assessed on day 30 by brief physical examination or telephone interview. Composite clinical outcome was defined as death, reinfarction, major bleeding, or heart failure within 30 days.
Myocardial reinfarction was defined by the presence of 2 of the
following conditions occurring >18 hours after index AMI: chest pain
lasting 20 minutes not relieved by nitroglycerin, new
ST-segment elevation of 0.1 mV or new abnormal Q waves, and serum
creatinine kinase (CK) that was more than twice the upper
limit of normal and >50% above the lowest CK level from the index
AMI. Heart failure was defined as congestion on chest radiograph
without evidence of noncardiac cause, plus at least 2 of the following:
midlung rales not cleared by coughing, mean pulmonary capillary
wedge pressure 18 mm Hg and cardiac index 
2.4 L ·
min-1 · m-2, and
new use or increased dose of furosemide or bumetanide. Recurrent
ischemic symptoms were defined as chest, neck, or arm
discomfort lasting 1 minute, which was relieved by
nitroglycerin and was associated with new horizontal or
downsloping ST-segment depression. Stroke was diagnosed by
investigators on clinical grounds.
Bleeding was classified according to GUSTO criteria.3 Major bleeding was defined as documented hemorrhagic stroke or bleeding resulting in hemodynamic compromise and requiring transfusion of packed red blood cells or other intervention. Moderate bleeding was defined as an event requiring transfusion of packed red blood cells, but one that was not accompanied by hemodynamic compromise. Mild bleeding did not require transfusion of packed red blood cells and was not accompanied by hemodynamic compromise.
Statistical Analysis
Calculations of sample size revealed that 107 patients were
needed in each group to detect a 20% increment in complete reperfusion
(from 40% to 60%) across the 15- to 120-kU/kg dose range at a power
of 85% and significance level (2-tailed) of 0.05. This calculation was
based on logistic regression and on the assumption of a linear
relationship to dose. To accommodate missing data and a planned interim
analysis, the sample size was adjusted to 118 per group, for a
total of 590 patients.
All patients who received study medication were included in the safety analysis. Patients were included in the efficacy analysis whenever possible on the basis of the availability of complete angiographic data. For the day 3 to 5 angiographic assessment, patients were also included if the assessment was performed on day 6. (Day 1 was defined in the protocol as the day the study treatment was given. To capture data in cases in which investigators interpreted day 5 as the fifth day after treatment [day 6], the angiographic analysis was expanded to include angiographic assessments on day 6.) If angiographic data were missing because of death or cardiovascular reasons (eg, revascularization), patients were considered to be treatment failures. If data were missing for other reasons (eg, usually failure to obtain assessment within the specified time window after initiation of study medication or to indicate time of assessment), patients were excluded from the efficacy analysis.
Logistic regression was used to test for the presence of a linear relationship between the log odds of a TIMI grade 3 response and lanoteplase dose, expressed on the natural log scale. Departures from linearity were assessed by comparing (at the 0.10 significance level) the difference in log likelihood obtained from this linear model and from a model not including the linearity assumption. Estimates of pairwise differences (and 95% CIs) were calculated for the difference in response rates for each lanoteplase dose group versus the low-dose lanoteplase group and versus the alteplase group.
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Results |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionAppendix 1References |
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A total of 613 patients were enrolled by 88 investigators from 13 countries between March and November 1996. Eleven patients were not included in the efficacy analysis because treatment was not received. Demographic characteristics of the remaining 602 patients, shown in Table 1
, were similar
among treatment groups. One patient experienced a second AMI 161 days
after the index AMI and was randomized and treated a second time; data
from the second exposure (lanoteplase 120 kU/kg) are included in the
safety analysis as a separate case but are excluded from the
efficacy analysis.
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Efficacy
Primary Efficacy Outcome Measure
There was a statistically significant increase in the proportion
of subjects with TIMI grade 3 flow at 60 minutes with increasing
lanoteplase doses (P<0.001) (Table 2, Figure 1). The proportion of subjects with TIMI
grade 3 flow at 60 minutes with lanoteplase treatment increased from
23.6% in the 15-kU/kg group to 47.1% in the 120-kU/kg group.
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In addition, the proportion of patients who achieved TIMI grade 3 flow at 60 minutes with alteplase was 37.4%. The proportion of subjects with TIMI grade 3 flow was higher in the 120-kU/kg lanoteplase group than in the alteplase group. However, the 95% CI for the difference in rates included zero (9.7%; 95% CI, -3.7% to 23%).
Secondary Efficacy and Other Outcome Measures
Similar to the results at 60 minutes, at 90 minutes there was a
statistically significant increase in the proportion of subjects with
TIMI grade 3 flow with increasing lanoteplase dose
(P<0.001) (Figure 2). The proportion of patients who
achieved TIMI grade 3 flow 90 minutes after lanoteplase increased from
26.1% after the 15-kU/kg dose to 57.1% after the 120-kU/kg dose. The
corresponding proportion of patients in the alteplase group who
achieved TIMI grade 3 flow at 90 minutes, 46.4%, was lower than the
proportion in the 120-kU/kg lanoteplase group (difference, 10.7%; 95%
CI, -2.3% to 23.7%).
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Proportions of patients with TIMI grade 2 or 3 flow 90 minutes after
lanoteplase increased from 54.1% after the lowest dose to 83.0% after
the highest dose (P<0.001, Figure 2
). At the 120-kU/kg dose, lanoteplase
was superior to alteplase (71.4%) in restoring coronary
patency at 90 minutes (difference, 11.6%; 95% CI, 0.7% to
22.5%).
The proportion of subjects with TIMI grade 3 flow on days 3 to 6 ranged from 29.3% in the 15-kU/kg lanoteplase group to 50.4% in the 120-kU/kg group. The proportion in the alteplase group was 41.2%.
Tertiary Efficacy and Other Outcomes
The proportions of subjects with unfavorable composite clinical
outcomes ranged from 6.5% in the 30-kU/kg lanoteplase group to 21.8%
in the alteplase group without evidence of a relationship between
lanoteplase dose and outcome (Table 3).
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Safety
The numbers and percentages of subjects with adverse clinical
events before hospital discharge were comparable among the lanoteplase
and alteplase groups (Table 4). Bleeding
events were reported in 40.7% of subjects receiving any dose of
lanoteplase and in 54.0% of subjects receiving alteplase. Major
bleeding, defined as hemorrhagic stroke or bleeding associated with
hemodynamic compromise requiring transfusion, occurred
in 1.5% (7/479) of the lanoteplase-treated subjects and in 5.6%
(7/124) of subjects receiving alteplase (Table 5). One intracranial hemorrhage
and 1 thromboembolic stroke occurred in 2 subjects receiving alteplase
and in no subject in any lanoteplase group. Twenty-three deaths
occurred within 30 days of treatment, 15 (3.1%) in the
lanoteplase-treated groups and 8 (6.5%) in the alteplase group.
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionAppendix 1References |
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Lanoteplase is a rationally engineered derivative of tPA that offers the combination of high potency, long half-life, and prolonged clearance. Single-bolus, weight-adjusted lanoteplase establishes complete perfusion (TIMI grade 3 flow) at 60 minutes in a dose-related fashion up to 120 kU/kg in patients with suspected AMI. Early, complete infarct artery reperfusion at 60 minutes was chosen as the primary end point on the basis of evidence that achievement of TIMI grade 3 flow in the infarct-related artery improves survival.4 16
Lanoteplase at 120 kU/kg was as effective as alteplase in establishing TIMI grade 2 or 3 flow at 60 minutes and superior in restoring TIMI grades 2 or 3 flow at 90 minutes. The 30-day composite clinical outcome suggests that lanoteplase was at least as effective as alteplase in reducing major morbidity and mortality after AMI.
Major bleeding, particularly hemorrhagic stroke, is an important safety issue with thrombolytics. In this trial, >90% of patients experienced no bleeding or mild bleeding, usually at the puncture site. Moderate and major bleeding was seen in 4.9% to 8.1% of patients in the lanoteplase groups and in 10.5% of alteplase subjects. Major bleeding occurred in 1.5% of lanoteplase patients and 5.6% of alteplase patients (including 1 hemorrhagic stroke).
The trend in recent trials toward inclusion of more elderly and female patients, who tend to weigh less, has further focused attention on appropriate dosing of thrombolytics.9 Early experience with alteplase suggested excessive bleeding in light (<60 kg) patients and a trend toward decreased thrombolytic efficacy in heavy individuals (>90 kg).17 18 Lanoteplase was administered as a weight-adjusted dose to achieve optimal efficacy with minimal risk of bleeding.
Despite their efficacy in the treatment of AMI, thrombolytic agents are underused. An additional 15% to 25% of patients could receive thrombolytic therapy.19 The reasons for undertreatment are numerous, but they fall into 2 categories: presentation delay (time from onset of symptoms to arrival at hospital) and treatment delay (time for the medical care team to provide treatment).20 A single-bolus thrombolytic agent should have an immediate impact on treatment delay. Drug preparation and administration times are cut to a minimum, with little conflict in the coadministration of other drugs through the same intravenous line. In addition, a simple regimen reduces dosing error. Single-bolus administration has also reactivated interest in prehospital treatment with thrombolytics. Improvements in technology are likely to support more aggressive treatment outside of the hospital setting.21
Conclusions
Lanoteplase restores complete perfusion in the infarct-related
artery at 60 minutes in a dose-related manner in patients
presenting within 6 hours of suspected AMI. Although InTIME was not
large enough to completely define the safety profile, in this study
lanoteplase was well tolerated at 15 to 120 kU/kg. As expected with all
thrombolytics, overall bleeding was dose-related, with
the incidence at the highest dose, 120 kU/kg, comparable to that of
alteplase. Serious bleeding, which occurred in a small number of
patients, and other adverse events were not dose-related. At a dose of
120 kU/kg, lanoteplase produced early and sustained patency more
frequently than alteplase, with an encouraging trend toward improvement
in a 30-day composite clinical outcome.
InTIME was an angiographic dose-ranging trial that was not designed to evaluate relative effects on mortality. A larger study is necessary to determine whether single-bolus, weight-adjusted, lanoteplase will achieve survival benefits, preserve left ventricular function, and prevent heart failure. These issues are being addressed in a 15 000-patient mortality study, InTIME-II, comparing lanoteplase (120 kU/kg) with accelerated alteplase.
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Footnotes |
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Reprint requests to Peter den Heijer, MD, Ignatius Ziekenhuis, Department of Cardiology, Molengracht 21, 4818 CK Breda, Netherlands.
1 The InTIME investigators are listed in the Appendix. 
Guest Editor for this article was David O. Williams, MD, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI.
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Appendix 1 |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionAppendix 1References |
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Participating Clinical Centers Listed by Country
Belgium
Hôpital de la Citadelle, Liège: Jean Boland, MD (subinvestigator: Jean-Luc Peters, MD; study nurses: Mireille Massoz, Philippe Baumans); U.Z. Antwerpen, Edegem: Christiaan Vrints, MD (subinvestigators: Herbert De Raedt, MD, Johan Bosmans, MD, Marc Claeys, MD; study nurse: Tinneke Sysmans); St Jansziekenhuis, Genk: Walter Van Mieghem, MD, Mathias Vrolix, MD (subinvestigator: Johan Van Lierde, MD; study nurse: Jacqueline Hollants); Cliniques Universitaires de Mont- Godinne, Yvoir: Patrick Evrard, MD (subinvestigator: Erwin Schroeder, MD); U.Z. Gent, Gent: Yves Taeymans, MD (subinvestigator: Peter Gheeraert, MD; study coordinator: Hermina Middendorp); C.H.U. du Sart Tilman, Liège: Luc Pierard, MD (subinvestigator: Lucien Finianos, MD); Hôpital Erasme, Brussels: Eric Stoupel, MD (subinvestigator: Marc Renard, MD; study nurse: Marie De Clippel).
Canada
Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec: Pierre Theroux, MD
(subinvestigators: Jocelyn Dupuis, MD, Pierre de Guise, MD, Martin
Juneau, MD, Jean-Francois Tanquay, MD, B. Thibault, MD); University of
Calgary Health Sciences Center, Calgary, Alberta: Mouhieddin Traboulsi,
MD (subinvestigators: Todd Anderson, James Hansen, Merril Knudtson,
David Roth, France Spence, Wayne Warrica); University of Ottawa Heart
Institute, Ottawa, Ontario: Richard F. Davies, MD (subinvestigators:
Rob Bealands, MD, Lyall Higginson, MD, William L. Williams, MD, Marino
Labinaz, MD, Michel Lemay, MD, Jean-Francois Marquis, MD); Royal
University Hospital Saskatoon, Saskatchewan: J.D. McMeekin, MD
(subinvestigator: J.F. Lopez, MD).
France
Hôpital Pasteur, Nice: Marcel Baudouy, MD
(subinvestigator: Emile Ferrari, MD); Hôpital Universitaire
Trousseau, Tours: Bernard Charbonnier, MD (subinvestigator:
Gérard Parcouret, MD); Hôpital Universitaire Saint Jacques,
Besançon: Jean-Pierre Bassand, MD (subinvestigators: Nicolas
Meneveau, MD, Sanjiv Gupta, MD); Hôpital Cochin, Paris: Simon
Weber, MD (subinvestigator: Khaldoum Benhamda, MD); Hôpital
Necker, Paris: André Vacheron, MD (subinvestigators:
Jean-Philippe Metzger, MD, Farzim Beygui, MD); Hôpital
Lariboisière, Paris: Philippe Beaufils, MD (subinvestigator: Marc
Brami, MD); Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg: Jean-Marie
Mossard, MD (subinvestigators: Pierre Attali, MD, Pierre Bareiss, MD,
Jean Sacrez, MD); Hôpital St Jacques/G. Montpied, Clermont
Ferrand: Jean Cassagnes, MD (subinvestigators: Jean René Lusson,
MD, Florent Briand, MD); Hôpital Valère Lefebvre, Le
Raincy: Simon Cattan, MD (subinvestigator: P. Poirier, MD).
Germany
Universitätsklinik Homburg, Homburg/Saar: Gunther Berg, MD
(subinvestigators: Klaus Bonaventura, MD, Markus Muller, MD);
Universität Heidelberg im Klinikum Mannheim, Mannheim: Paul
Gaudron, MD (subinvestigator: Ingrid Kugler, MD); Krankenhaus
Neukölln, Berlin: Florian Forycki, MD; Stadtkrankenhaus Worms,
Worms: Peter Limbourg, DM (subinvestigators: Dick, MD, Horst
Mertes, MD, Ernst Roth, MD); Klinikum der Philipps-Universität,
Marburg: Bernard Maisch, MD (subinvestigator: Hartmut Hesse, MD);
Universitätsklinikum Rudolph-Virchow, Berlin: Eckart Fleck, MD
Universitätsklinikum Benjamin Franklin, Berlin: Heinz-Peter
Schultheiss, MD (subinvestigator: Peter Schwimmbeck, MD);
St-Marien-Krankenhaus Siegen, Siegen: Peter Schuster, MD
(subinvestigator: Hobbach, MD); Stiftsklinikum
Augustinum, München: Rainer von Essen, MD
(subinvestigators: Axel Reimer, MD, Michael Roth, MD); Klinikum
Aschaffenburg, Aschaffenburg: Rainer Uebis, MD (subinvestigators:
Matthias Stockmann, MD, Stefan Herzog, MD); Krankenhaus der
Barmherzigen Brüder, Regensburg: W. Niederer, MD
(subinvestigator: Josef Brandstetter, MD; study nurse: Karin
Fröhlich); Klinikum Lippe-Detmold GmbH, Detmold: Ulrich Tebbe, MD
(subinvestigator: Bernd Schulze, MD).
Israel
Heart Institute, Kaplan Hospital, Rehovot: Abraham Caspi, MD
(subinvestigators: O. Ayzenberg, MD, M. Swissa, MD).
Italy
Policlinico S. Chiara, Pisa: Andrea Biagini, MD
(subinvestigators: Sergio Berti, MD, Rita Bonini, MD); Ospedale
Maggiore Borgotrento, Verona: Piero Zardini, MD (subinvestigators:
Enrico Barbieri, MD, Giorgio Morando, MD, Paolo Mario, MD); Ospedale
Civile Umberto I, Mestre: Antonio Raviele, MD (subinvestigators:
Francesco Di Pede, MD, Guerrino Zuin, MD); Università degli Studi
di Catania, Catania: Giuseppe Giuffrida, MD (subinvestigators: Alfredo
Galassi, MD, Giuseppe Cinnirella, MD); Ospedale Santa Croce,
Cuneo: Eugenio Uslenghi, MD (subinvestigators: Federica Meinardi, MD,
Giuseppe Steffenino, MD); Azienda Ospedaliera Maggiore della
Carità, Novara: Carmelo Cernigliaro, MD; Ospedale San
Michele-Brotzu, Cagliari: Antonio Sanna, MD (subinvestigators:
Giampaolo Scorcu, MD, Bruno Loy, MD).
Netherlands
University Hospital Groningen, Groningen:
Peter den Heijer, MD (subinvestigators: Ad van Boven, MD, Jaap Klijn,
Margreet Oosterga, J.O.J. Peels, MD, Trienke Steenhuis); Catharina
Hospital, Eindhoven: H.R. Michels, MD (subinvestigators: Hans
Bonnier, MD, Clara Hanekamp, MD, A. Spierings); Ignatius
Ziekenhuis Breda, Breda: H.M.A. Corbeij, MD (subinvestigators: Ulrick
G. Chin-Ron-Sung, MD, Jacqueline Konings); Sint Antonius Ziekenhuis,
Nieuwegein: M.J. Suttorp, MD (subinvestigators: J.C. Kelder, MD,
Rosemary Lecluse, MD, R. Van Der Schaaf, MD); Academic Hospital
Maastricht, Maastricht: Frank Vermeer, MD (subinvestigators: F. Bar,
MD, Hetty Quint, Jos Widdershoven, MD).
Poland
Klinika Kardiologii Pomorska Akademia Medyçna,
Szczecin: Zdzistawa Kornacewicz-Jach, MD (subinvestigators: Jaroslaw
Goracy, MD, Robert Gil, MD, Jaroslaw Ka
mierczak, MD);
Górno
laskie Centrum Chorób Serca,
Zabrze: Stanislaw Pasyk, MD (subinvestigator: Zbigniew Kalarus, MD);
Klinika Kardiologii Ogólnej, Instytut Kardiologii Warszawa:
Witold Ruzyllo, MD (subinvestigators: Marcin Demkow, MD, Janina
Stepi
ska, MD); Klinika Kardiologii, Akademia
Medyczna Lód: Halina Boliska, MD
(subinvestigators: Maciej Komider, MD, Maciej Kuczborski,
MD); I Klinika Chorób Wewnetrznych, Instytut Medycyny
Wewnetrznej, Warszawa: Jerzy Adamus, MD (subinvestigators:
Wojciech Kwiatkowski, MD, Robert Olszewski, MD); Slaski Osrodek
Kardiologii, Katowice: Maria Trusz-Gluza, MD.
Spain
Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Madrid: José L.
López-Sendón, MD (subinvestigators: Eulogio García
Fernández, MD, Esteban Lopez de Sa, MD, Rafael Rubio, MD);
Hospital Clinic I Provincial, Barcelona: Amadeo Betríu
Gibert, MD (subinvestigator: Antonio Serra, MD; study nurse:
Teresa Martorell).
Sweden
Akademiska Sjukhuset, Uppsala: Lars Wallentin, MD
(subinvestigators: Bo Lagerqvist, MD, Erik Diderholm, MD; study nurse:
Gerd Alsjo).
Switzerland
Hôpital Cantonal, Genève: Philip M. Urban, MD
(subinvestigator: Edoardo De Benedetti, MD).
United Kingdom
Western Infirmary, Glasgow, Scotland: W. Stewart Hillis, MD
(subinvestigators: Dougie Muir, MD, Gerry McCann, MD); Hairmyres
Hospital, Glasgow: Keith Oldroyd, MD (subinvestigator: Barry D.
Vallance, MD; study nurses: Jennifer Miller, Monica Vallance);
Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland: Jennifer Adgey, MD
(subinvestigator: David Cochrane, MD; study nurse: Yvonne McKay); Queen
Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, England: Nigel Buller, MD
(subinvestigator: John Townend, MD).
United States
VA Medical Center, Houston, Tex: Mir Nadir Ali, MD; Redwood
City, Calif: Edward Anderson, MD (subinvestigators: Bruce A. Benedick,
MD, R. Hardwin Mead, MD, Michael A. Ruder, MD, Nellis Smith, MD, Roger
Winkle, MD); Spohn Hospital, Corpus Christi, Tex: Raymond Graf, MD
(subinvestigators: Joseph Garcia, MD, Charles J. Schechter, MD, Stephen
A. Turner, MD); Community Hospital East, Indianapolis, Ind: Edward
Harlamert, MD (subinvestigators: Woodrow Corey, MD, Richard Hahn, MD,
Blair MacPhail, MD, Brad Weinberg, MD, Don Ziperman, MD); St Mark's
Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah: J. Joseph Perry, MD (subinvestigators:
D.C. Boorman, MD, T.S. Edwards, MD, E.W. Ganellen, MD, R.W. Mackie, MD,
G. Price, MD, K.G. Nielsen, MD, K.L. Ritchie, MD); The Christ Hospital,
Cincinnati, Ohio: John Paul Runyon, MD (subinvestigators: Charles
Abbottsmith, MD, Thomas Broderick, MD, Peter Engel, MD, Charles
Hattemer, MD, Dean J. Kereiakes, MD, Eli Roth, MD, John F. Schneider,
MD, Robert J. Toltzis, MD, David Whang, MD); NE Baptist Hospital, San
Antonio, Tex: John F. Seaworth, MD (subinvestigators: Christopher W.
Casey, MD, Juan L. Garza, MD, Kevin F. James, MD, Edmond J. Leroux, MD,
Hal A. Martin, MD, Rene A. Oliveros, MD, Frank Rubalcava, MD, Ted
Trusevich, MD, Edwin J. Whitney, MD, Richard F. Wilks, MD, David S.
Wise, MD); University of Texas Medical School–Houston: Richard W.
Smalling, MD (subinvestigators: H.V. Anderson, MD, Ken Fujise, MD,
Jacques Heibig, MD, George Schroth, MD, James T. Willerson, MD);
Brotman Medical Center, Culver City, Calif: Ronald Karlsberg, MD
(subinvestigator: Steven Tabak, MD); Burns Clinic, Petoskey, Mich: W.L.
Meengs, MD (subinvestigators: H.T. Colfer, MD, P.E. Levanovich, MD,
P.M. Maloney, MD, D.W. Schuil, MD, H.J. Willens, MD); Columbia Aurora
Regional Medical Center, Aurora, Colo: Barry L. Molk, MD
(subinvestigators: Dennis J. Battock, MD, Robert S. Baum, MD, Andrew I.
Cohen, MD, Joan E. Eldridge, MD, Steven P. Friedrich, MD, Jerry H.
Greenberg, MD, John M. Haas, MD, Nelson A. Prager, MD, David Shander,
MD); VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Okla: Udho Thadani, MD
(subinvestigators: Asim Chohan, MD, Aaron Kugelmass, MD, Dwight
Reynolds, MD, Eliot Schechter, MD); Duluth Clinic, Duluth, Minn: Mark
C. Neustel, MD (subinvestigators: Glenn Albin, MD, Carl E. Heltne, MD,
James H. Langager, MD, Michael J. Lucca, MD); University of Florida,
Gainesville: Carl Pepine, MD (subinvestigators: Barry Bertolet, MD, C.
Richard Conti, MD, Elizabeth Franco, RN, Eileen Handberg-Thurmond,
ARNP, James A. Hill, MD, Richard A. Kerensky, MD, David Meurer, MD,
Mark H. Mines, MD); Oklahoma Heart Institute, Tulsa: Wayne Leimbach, MD
(subinvestigators: John G. Ivanoff, MD, Gregory D. Johnsen, MD, Son
Phong Le, MD, Robert E. Lynch, MD); Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore,
Md: Jeffrey Brinker, MD (subinvestigators: Thomas Aversano, MD,
Roger S. Blumenthal, MD, Kathleen Citro, RN, Vicki J. Coombs, RN, MS,
CCRN, Audrey Dudek, RN, MS, Timothy Gardner, MD, Joel Gellman, MD, Gary
Gerstenbligh, MD, Sanford Gips, MD, Sean T. Gloth, MD, Alan Heldman,
MD, Karen Hicks, MD, Marco Meja, MD, Alex Menkes, PA, Steven P.
Schulman, MD, John R. Resar, MD, Jeff Rade, MD, Mike Ronan, PA, David
Thieman, MD, Calvin Wells, MD); MediQuest Research Corp, Tampa, Fla:
Robert Feldman, MD (subinvestigators: Frank Hildner, MD,
Brandi Merchant, LPN, Joseph Sorrentino, RPH, Mary Standley,
RN, Thomas Wargovich, MD); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center,
New York, NY: Hal S. Wasserman, MD (subinvestigators: Edith L. Escala,
RN, Kenneth Giedd, MD, Mark K. Warshofsky, MD); University of South
Florida, Tampa: J. Thompson Sullebarger, MD (subinvestigators:
Juan Aranda, MD, Lofty Basta, MD, Jan Brewington, MS, ARNP, Catherine
Carubba, MD, Saurabb Chokshi, MD, Robert Dalton, MD, George Gamouras,
MD, A. Sinan Gursoy, MD, David Hackstadt, MD, Eric Harrison, MD,
Margaret Keeler, MD, Ravi Khant, MD, Joel Kupfer, MD, Linda Lewallen,
MD, Fadi Matar, MD, Diane Matire, MD, Stephen Mester, MD, Toni A.
Mitchell, MD, George Monir, MD, Judy Parker, RN, Ferdinand Richards,
MD, Debbie Rinde-Hoffman, MD, Rolando Rodriquez, MD, David Siegel, MD,
Jeffrey Tauth, MD, Brian Tiffany, MD, Julie Umberger, ARNP, Mark
Weston, MD); Baptist Health, Little Rock, Ark: Randal Hundley, MD
(subinvestigators: Amelia Burke, RN, Gary Collins, MD, Robert Lambert,
MD, Vicki Mabry, RN, Evelyn McKillip, LPN, James Shuffield Jr, MD);
West Jefferson Medical Center, Marrero, La: David B. Hutchinson,
MD (subinvestigators: Chester J. Falterman, MD, Louis B. Glade, MD,
Edmund K. Kerut, MD, Frederick G. Kushner, MD, Leslie W. Levenson, MD,
Guy B. Mioton, MD); Medical Center of Delaware, Newark: Michael E.
Stillabower, MD; Mercy Hospital, San Diego, Calif: Jerrold Glassman, MD
(subinvestigators: Richard L. Blum, MD, Thomas Diggs II, MD,
Stewart L. Frank, MD, Richard G. Friedman, MD, Bruce Kimura, MD, John
H. Mazu, MD, John Morse, MD, Jeffery Mullvain, MD, Ravindra Prabhu, MD,
Joseph B. Stein, MD, David M. Stieber, MD); Rochester General Hospital,
Rochester, NY: Mark Thompson, MD (subinvestigators: Eduardo A. Arazoza,
MD, David Borowski, MD, Luke Cheung, MD, Randal Christenson, MD, Vaughn
DeForest, MD, Robbin Dick, MD, Robert M. Easley, MD, Gerald M. Gacioch,
MD, David Isaacson, MD, Sunil Lulla, MD, Manju Morrissey, MD, Raymond
Ochrym, MD, David J. Oxley, MD, Thomas P. Stuver, MD, Cynthia R.
Reddeck, MD, Krishna Rao, MD, Sandra Sarooski-Roberts, MD, Silke
Schweidt, MD, Pamela Sullivan, MD, Alfredo Torres, MD); Robert Wood
Johnson Medical Center, New Brunswick, NJ: John Kostis, MD
(subinvestigators: Ziad Abbud, MD, Fabian Aurignac, MD, Howard Blau,
MD, Ronny Chadi, MD, Nancy Cristoforo, MD, Jeanne DeMoss, DO, Rachana
Kulkarni, MD, Anthony LoCurto, MD, Sebastian Palmeri, MD, Desiree
Reedus, MD, Khalil Suaray, MD); Slidell Memorial Hospital, Slidell, La:
Vasanth Bethala, MD (subinvestigators: Amy Adams, LPN, Clara Bergeaux,
RN, Victor Echenique, MD, Adesh K. Jain, MD, Leah Martin, RN, Daljit
Muttiana, MD, Larry Peterson, RN, Art Phillips, LPN, Dara Seal, LPN,
Rhonda Thames, RN, Ignatius Thomas, MD); Loma Linda University
Medical Center, Loma Linda, Calif: Paulo Ribiero, MD (subinvestigators:
Vicki Bishop, RN, Stephen Corbett, MD, G. David Jang, MD, Kenneth
Jutzy, MD, Robert Marsa, MD, Muayed A. Zaibag, MD); Lakeview Regional
Hospital, Covington, La: Miguel A. Gomez, MD (subinvestigators: Sheri
Clunan, RN, Umesh A. Patel, MD, Christy Robertson, CNMT, James E.
Smith, MD, Rhonda Thames, RN, Allison VanderStrappen, RN); Memorial
Hospital, Ormond Beach, Fla: John L. Walker, MD (subinvestigators:
James E. Carley, MD, David Henderson, MD, Humayun Jamidar, MD,
Diane Martin, RN, Dianne Tracy, RN, David L. Williams, MD); St Vincent
Hospital Healthcare Center, Indianapolis, Ind: Joseph Noble, MD
(subinvestigators: J. Stanley Hillis, MD, Mary N. Walsh, MD); Sarasota
Memorial Institutional Review Board, Sarasota, Fla: Martin Frey,
MD (subinvestigators: Clayton E. Bredlau, MD, John Culp, MD, Stephen C.
Culp, MD, Robert S. Fishel, MD, Randy Hartman, MD, Colleen Healy, MD,
Kenneth Henson, MD, Walter Hepp, MD, Mathew Koshy, MD, Geoffrey Liss,
MD, P. Natarajan, MD); William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Mich:
Gerald Timmis, MD (subinvestigators: Steven Ajluni, MD, Steven Almany,
MD, Aaron Berman, MD, James Boatman, MD, Marc Brodsky, MD, Alan
Chernick, MD, Nishut Choksi, MD, David Dobies, MD, Judith Feldman, MD,
Harold Friedman, MD, V. Gangadharan, MD, Mohammad Ghafouri, DO,
Gerald Godfrey, MD, Lary Goldman, MD, James Goldstein, MD, Richard
Gordon, DO, Cindy Grimes, MD, Ashok Gupta, MD, Raymond Jackson, MD,
Joel Kahn, MD, Steven Kororkin, MD, Robert Levin, MD, James London, MD,
Dominic Marsalese, MD, Peter McCullough, MD, Lyn Miller, MD, William
O'Neill, MD, Renato Ramos, MD, Joseph Redle, MD, Robert Safian, MD,
Nazifa Sajady, MD, James Shafer, MD, Melisa Steven, MD, Richard
Thompson, MD, Kenneth Tobin, DO, Daniel Walsh, MD, Andrew West, MD,
Steven Widlansky, MD, Andrew Wilson, MD); Memorial Regional Hospital,
Hollywood, Fla: Barry Harris, MD (subinvestigators: Howard Berlin, MD,
Jose A. Guzman, MD, Jay S. Kerzner, MD, Sam Lerman, MD, Ralph M. Levy,
MD, Michael S. Marek, MD, Lawrence M. Reiss, MD, Tracey Roth, MD, Ethan
D. Siev, MD); University of Maryland, Baltimore: Warren Laskey, MD
(subinvestigators: William Herzog, MD, Samuel Rodriquez, MD, J.
Lawrence Stafford, MD, Andrew Ziskind, MD).
Received February 18, 1998; revision received June 18, 1998; accepted July 11, 1998.
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionAppendix 1References |
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