(Circulation. 1999;99:2408-2413.)
© 1999 American Heart Association, Inc.
Clinical Investigation and Reports |
Significance of Late Diastolic Potential Preceding Purkinje Potential in Verapamil-Sensitive Idiopathic Left Ventricular Tachycardia
From the Cardiovascular Center (T. Tsuchiya, Toshihiro Honda, Takashi Honda), Saiseikai Kumamoto Hospital, Kumamoto, the Second Department of Internal Medicine (K.O., A.I.), Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Hirosaki, and the Division of Cardiology (H.Y., T. Tabuchi), Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Kumamoto, Japan.
Correspondence to Ken Okumura, MD, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Zaifu-cho 5, Hirosaki, 036-8562 Japan. E-mail okumura{at}cc.hirosaki-u.ac.jp
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Abstract |
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Background—Verapamil-sensitive idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia (VT) is due to reentry with an excitable gap. A late diastolic potential (LDP) is recorded during endocardial mapping of this VT, but its relation to the reentry circuit and significance in radiofrequency (RF) ablation remain to be elucidated.
Methods and Results—Sixteen consecutive patients with this specific VT were studied (12 men and 4 women; mean age, 32 years). In all patients, sustained VT was induced and during left ventricular endocardial mapping, LDP preceding Purkinje potential (PP) was recorded at the basal (11 patients), middle (3 patients), or apical septum (2 patients). The area with LDP recording was confined to a small region (0.5 to 1.0 cm2) in each patient and was included in the area where PP was recorded (2 to 3 cm2). The relative activation times of LDP, PP, and local ventricular potential (V) at the LDP recording site to the onset of QRS complex were -50.4±18.9, -15.2±9.6, and 3.0±13.3 ms, respectively. The earliest ventricular activation site during VT was identified at the posteroapical septum and was more apical in the septum than the region with LDP in every patient. In 9 patients, VT entrainment was done by pacing from the right ventricular outflow tract while recording LDP. During entrainment, LDP was orthodromically captured, and as the pacing rate was increased, the LDP-to-PP interval was prolonged, whereas stimulus-to-LDP and PP-to-V interval were constant. In 3 patients, the pressure applied to the catheter tip at the LDP region resulted in conduction block between LDP and PP and in VT termination. RF energy application at the LDP recording site successfully eliminated VT.
Conclusions—LDP was suggested to represent the excitation at the entrance to the specialized area with a conduction delay in response to the increase in the rate within the critical slow conduction zone participating in the reentry circuit of this VT. LDP can be a useful marker for successful RF ablation for this VT.
Key Words: tachycardia • potentials • catheter ablation
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Introduction |
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Idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia (VT) with a right bundle-branch block configuration and superior or left axis is an uncommon but well-described clinical arrhythmia.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 This VT was shown to be due to reentry with an excitable gap and an area of slow conduction with a conduction delay in response to the increase in the rate is present within the reentry circuit.3 4 5 6 Purkinje potential (PP) recorded during VT is used to identify the successful ablation site.7 Wen et al6 demonstrated that a successful ablation site for this VT is away from the VT exit site in the mid and inferior apical septum and is located at the superior midseptal area. Kottkamp et al8 demonstrated continuous or mid-diastolic electrical activity preceding PP at these sites in patients with this VT and suggested these activities as markers for successful ablation. These findings suggest that the reentry circuit of this VT is localized in the left ventricular septum and that electrical marker(s) presumably related to the circuit can be used for identifying the successful ablation site for this VT.
During endocardial catheter mapping of this VT, we recorded a discrete late diastolic potential (LDP) preceding PP at sites similar to those reported as the successful ablation site by Wen et al.6 This potential may represent the same electrical activity as that reported by Kottkamp et al,8 but either its relation to the reentry circuit or the significance in identifying the target site for successful ablation has not been fully understood. In this study, we characterized this LDP and prospectively examined whether this LDP is related to the reentrant circuit by using entrainment technique4 5 9 10 11 and thus can be a marker for radiofrequency (RF) catheter ablation for this VT.
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Methods |
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Patients
Sixteen consecutive patients (12 men and 4 women, with a mean age of 32 years, ranging from 15 to 61) with recurrent sustained VT and without any underlying heart disease were studied. The ECG recorded during VT exhibited a right bundle-branch block configuration and superior or left axis in all patients. Intravenous verapamil (5 to 10 mg) had been found to be effective in terminating VT in all patients. In the first 7 patients (patients 1 to 7) LDP was retrospectively characterized, and in the remaining 9 patients (patient 8 to 16) its relation to the reentry circuit and the significance as a marker for successful ablation as well as the characteristics were prospectively examined.
Electrophysiological Study
Written informed consent was obtained from all patients before
the electrophysiological study and ablation
procedure. All antiarrhythmic drugs were discontinued for >5
half-lives of each drug before the study. With the use of standard
techniques, 2 or 3 quadripolar electrode catheters (6F, Josephson, Bard
Electrophysiology) were placed at the right ventricular
apex, right ventricular outflow tract, and/or His bundle
region and were used for recording bipolar electrograms and
pacing. A 7F, deflectable quadripolar electrode catheter with a 2-mm
interelectrode interval (Cordis Webster) was retrogradely inserted into
the left ventricle to perform endocardial catheter mapping during VT by
recording an electrogram from the distal electrode pair and
also to perform pacing. All bipolar electrograms were filtered between
a bandpass of 50 and 600 Hz and recorded simultaneously
with 3 or 4 electrocardiographic leads (I, II, [III], and
V1) with the use of a polygraph (RMC-2000, Nihon
Kohden or Cardiolab System, Prucka Engineering).
Ventricular pacing was performed at a stimulus strength of
twice diastolic threshold and with a pulse width of 2 ms by
use of a programmable stimulator (SEC-3102, Nihon Kohden). After VT was
induced by ventricular programmed stimulation or burst
pacing, endocardial mapping in the left ventricle was performed during
VT, and the early ventricular activation site relative to
the QRS complex was determined. In all patients, entrainment of VT by
pacing from the right ventricular outflow tract at a rate
of 5 to 10 bpm faster than the spontaneous VT rate was attempted while
recording the electrograms at the right ventricular
apex, right ventricular outflow tract, and earliest
ventricular activation site.4 5 9 10 11 In 9
patients (patients 8 to 16), entrainment was also attempted from the
right ventricular outflow tract while recording
LDP. In 7 of these patients, entrainment was attempted by pacing from
the LDP recording site. When VT was still present after
termination of the pacing, rapid pacing was again performed with an
increase in the pacing rate by 5 to 10 bpm. This procedure was repeated
until VT was interrupted.
Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation
RF energy was delivered by a generator (CABL IT, Central Inc)
that supplied a continuous, unmodulated sine wave output at a frequency
of 500 kHz. The catheter used to deliver RF energy was a 7F,
deflectable quadripolar electrode catheter with (Radii-T, Cardiac
Pathways) (8 patients) or without a thermistor (Cordis Webster) (8
patients). RF energy at 20 to 30 W was applied during VT for 30
seconds.
Of the first 7 patients who were retrospectively studied for LDP, the initial target site of RF ablation was the earliest ventricular activation site8 12 in 5 and the earliest PP site7 in the other 2. In the remaining 9 patients who were prospectively studied, initial target site was the LDP recording site. When VT was terminated during RF ablation, the inducibility of VT was assessed with programmed and burst pacing protocol. Thirty minutes after the final RF energy application, the inducibility of VT was again assessed before and after isoproterenol infusion (1 µg/min).
Data Analysis
Continuous variables are expressed as mean±1 SD.
Statistical analysis was done with an unpaired t
test for comparison of 2 variables and with 1-way ANOVA followed by
Scheffé's test for comparison of 
3 variables.
P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
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Results |
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Sustained VT with a mean cycle length of 350.1±56.1 ms (rate 175.2±25.4 bpm) and with the same QRS morphology as that of the spontaneous VT was repeatedly induced in all patients.
Endocardial Mapping During VT and Characteristics of LDP
Left ventricular endocardial mapping during VT
identified the earliest ventricular activation site, with
an activation time of -22.8±1.9 ms relative to the onset of QRS
complex at the posteroapical left ventricular septum in all
patients (Table
). LDP preceding PP
could be recorded in all patients (Figure 1). The LDP recording site was
located at the basal septum in 11 patients, middle septum in 3, and
apical septum in the other 2 and was more basal in the septum than the
earliest ventricular activation site. The region with LDP
recording was confined to a small area (0.5 to 1.0
cm2) in each patient and was included in the area
where PP was recorded (2 to 3 cm2). The local
activation order at the LDP recording site was always
LDP-PP-local ventricular potential (V), and the relative
activation times of each potential to the onset of the QRS complex was
-50.4±18.9, -15.2±9.6, and 3.0±13.3 ms, respectively.
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The absolute value of the relative timing of LDP to the QRS complex was significantly greater than those of PP and V at the LDP recording site and than that of the ventricular potential at the earliest ventricular activation site (all P<0.0001). In some patients, PP at the LDP recording site preceded the ventricular potential at the earliest activation site, whereas in the others the former appeared after the latter, and there was no statistical difference between the relative activation times of the former and the latter.
In 1 patient, a similar LDP was recorded during sinus rhythm at the same site. In contrast, PP was recorded during sinus rhythm as well as during VT in all patients. The relative timing of PP to the onset of QRS complex during sinus rhythm was -22.1±6.7 ms, which was not statistically different from that during VT.
Entrainment of VT
In all patients, entrainment phenomena including constant fusion
and progressive fusion were demonstrated by rapid pacing from the right
ventricular outflow tract, and a long conduction interval
between the pacing site and the earliest ventricular
activation site, indicating a slow conduction zone, was demonstrated
during entrainment.4 5 Figure 2 shows an example of entrainment from
the right ventricular outflow tract while recording
LDP. The cycle length of VT was 355 ms and the intervals between LDP
and PP (LDP-PP) and PP and ventricular potential (PP-V)
during VT were 52 and 12 ms, respectively. As clearly demonstrated
during pacing at 185 and 190 bpm (Figure 2, center and right
panels), the morphology of LDP (indicated by arrows) remained unchanged
during entrainment, indicating an orthodromic capture of the potential,
whereas that of the ventricular potential at the site with
LDP recording was different from that during VT, indicating an
antidromic capture of the potential. PP was not observed during pacing
because it was masked by the local ventricular potential
captured antidromically. The intervals between the stimulus artifact
and LDP (stimulus-LDP) and LDP-PP interval, which could be measured in
the last entrained beat, during pacing at 175 bpm were 340 and 100 ms,
respectively (Figure 2, left panel). When the pacing rate was
increased to 185 and 190 bpm, stimulus-LDP interval during entrainment
remained unchanged, whereas LDP-PP interval was increased to 135 and
180 ms, respectively. The same findings were observed in the other 8
patients in whom entrainment study was performed while
recording LDP. The changes in stimulus-LDP and LDP-PP intervals
in response to the increase in the pacing rate during entrainment are
shown in Figure 3 for 9 patients. LDP-PP
interval was gradually increased as the pacing rate was increased in
every patient, whereas stimulus-LDP interval was constant.
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In 7 of the study patients, entrainment of VT was attempted by rapid pacing at the LDP recording site. However, the pacing at a rate(s) at which VT was entrained from the right ventricular outflow tract immediately terminated VT in all patients and thus could not elucidate the entrainment phenomenon. The configuration of QRS complex during pacing at the LDP recording site performed during sinus rhythm was different from that during VT in these patients.
Effect of Pressure Application to Tip of Ablation Catheter at
LDP Site
In 3 patients, the pressure was applied to the tip of the ablation
catheter at the LDP recording site, which resulted in the
termination of VT. In 1 patient, before the termination of VT, the
pressure resulted in a variation in both VT cycle length and LDP-PP
interval in a beat-to-beat fashion, whereas the intervals from PP to V
(PP-V) and from V to LDP (V-LDP) were almost constant (Figure 4A). Moreover, VT cycle length changed in
parallel with the change in LDP-PP interval. Figure 4B shows the
correlation of VT cycle length with each of LDP-PP, PP-V, and V-LDP
intervals shown in Figure 4A. The VT cycle length was highly
correlated with LDP-PP interval
(R2=0.9), whereas it was not with PP-V
interval or V-LDP interval. In this and the other 2 patients, VT was
terminated by pressure application, being associated with the local
conduction block occurring between LDP and PP.
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RF Catheter Ablation
In all patients, VT was successfully terminated and became
uninducible by RF energy application. The number and total energy of RF
energy applied for all patients were 3.8±3.1 times and 3025.6±2064.0
J, respectively (Table
). When the number and total energy of RF energy
applied were compared between the patient group in which RF energy was
initially applied to the earliest ventricular activation
site (patients 1 to 5) and the earliest PP site (patients 6 and 7) and
the group in which RF energy was applied to the LDP site (patients 8 to
16), both parameters were significantly smaller in the
latter group than the former group (number, 6.7±2.4 vs 1.6±1.0 times,
P=0.0001; energy, 4933.4±1473.5 vs 1541.8±835.4 J,
P=0.0001). In 6 of the 9 patients in whom RF energy was
initially applied to the LDP recording site, VT was
successfully terminated by a single energy application. Figure 5 shows the RF energy application sites
and the earliest ventricular activation sites in the 6
patients in whom VT was eliminated by a single energy application. It
was noted that the ablation sites were more basal to the earliest
activation sites.
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) and earliest ventricular
activation sites (EAS, 
) in 6 patients (patients 8, 9, 10, 11, 13,
and 14) in whom VT was eliminated by a single RF energy application. MV
indicates mitral valve; RFCA, RF catheter ablation.In 2 patients, RF ablation guided by LDP resulted in the termination of VT and transient left bundle-branch block during subsequent sinus rhythm for 10 minutes. VT was still not inducible after left bundle-branch block disappeared.
An example of ablation at the LDP recording site is shown in
Figure 6. After the initiation of RF
energy application (indicated by RFCA in the figure), LDP-PP interval
was gradually prolonged during the first 3 beats, whereas PP-V interval
was constant. It is noted that VT cycle length was prolonged in
parallel with the increase in LDP-PP interval and VT was suddenly
terminated, being associated with local conduction block between LDP
and PP recordings. In this particular patient, transient left
bundle-branch block occurred after ablation (asterisks), and a
mid-diastolic potential (indicated by an arrow) with a
similar morphology to LDP during VT was recorded during sinus
rhythm in addition to PP. In all patients, PP persisted even after
successful ablation. During a mean follow-up period of 17.6±10.5
months, no patient had VT recurrence.
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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We found that LDP was recorded in a small area at the basal and middle septal regions during tachycardia in all patients with this idiopathic, verapamil-sensitive VT and that RF energy applied to the LDP recording site eliminated VT. This LDP recording site appears to be identical to the proximal target site for RF ablation reported by Wen et al,6 although these authors did not describe any specific potential at this site, as shown in the present study. LDP can therefore be a useful marker for successful ablation of the present VT. Its origin and relation to the reentry circuit, however, remains unclear.
During entrainment of this VT, a long conduction interval indicative of
a slow conduction zone was present between the right
ventricular outflow tract and the earliest
ventricular activation site, and a property of conduction
delay in response to the increase in the rate was demonstrated within
this slow conduction zone.4 5 The similar findings were
obtained in sustained VT associated with healed myocardial infarction
and right ventricular dysplasia.9 13 In
the present study, we further analyzed the conduction
interval during entrainment with regard to LDP and found that LDP-PP
interval was prolonged as the pacing rate was increased, whereas
stimulus-LDP interval was constant (Figure 3). Thus it is
suggested that the entire slow conduction zone can be divided into 2
components by LDP: One is a component in the distal part to the LDP
recording site, which is characterized by a property of
conduction delay in response to the increase in the rate, and the other
between the right ventricular outflow tract and the LDP
recording site showing no conduction delay property. We have
suggested that a tissue with calcium channel–dependent conduction is
involved in the conduction delay demonstrated during
entrainment.5 Thus LDP is likely to represent the
excitation at the entrance to the specialized slow conduction area with
a conduction delay property associated with calcium channel–dependent
conduction. Because the relative activation time of PP at the LDP site
to the QRS complex was not different from that of the
ventricular potential at the earliest activation site, PP
appears not to represent activation of a part of the reentry
circuit but that of a bystander.
When VT was entrained by pacing from the right ventricular
outflow tract, the ventricular potential at the LDP
recording site was always captured antidromically, whereas LDP
was captured orthodromically. As shown in the left panel of Figure 2, antidromic capture of the ventricular potential
was observed even during pacing at a rate only 5 bpm faster than the VT
rate. We reported that the earliest ventricular activation
site during VT, which is likely to be the exit site from the slow
conduction zone and is located more apically to the LDP
recording site, is captured orthodromically at relatively lower
pacing rates, whereas it is captured antidromically at higher
rates.5 Thus a ventricular tissue with LDP
recording is indicated to be electrically insulated either
anatomically or functionally from the surrounding
ventricular myocardium. Although we could not
clarify the origin of LDP in this study, it might be speculated that
LDP originates from the specialized conduction system because the
potential is sharp and narrow. It could be an example of functional
longitudinal dissociation of the proximal left bundle-branch.
Wen et al6 recently reported 7 cases in which pressure applied to the tip of the catheter placed at the sites similar to the present LDP recording site transiently terminated VT and RF ablation was successfully accomplished at these sites. In the present 3 patients, the pressure applied to the tip of the catheter placed at the LDP site resulted in variation of VT cycle length and termination of VT, being closely associated with variable degrees of local conduction block between LDP and PP recording sites. This finding is consistent with that reported previously.6 Together with the findings obtained during entrainment and the results of RF ablation, it is strongly suggested that LDP represents the excitation of the critical area participating in the reentrant circuit of this VT and is unlikely to represent the excitation at the bystander pathway in the slow conduction zone. LDP was recorded at the basal or middle septal region apparently away from the VT exit site in the apical region. VT could be eliminated by a single RF energy application in 6 of the 9 patients in whom RF energy was applied to the LDP recording site. Thus the reentry circuit or a slow conduction zone is indicated to be located in the relatively wide area from the basal to the apical septum.
Recently Nakagawa et al7 reported that the earliest PP was useful in guiding successful RF ablation. Wen et al12 reported that such discrete sharp spikes as PP were likely to represent the fascicular potentials rather than a specific marker for the reentry circuit of this VT. In contrast to PP, the present report suggests that LDP reflects the excitation within the critical slow conduction area participating in the reentry circuit and that VT could be eliminated by a single RF energy application guided by LDP. Thus LDP appears to be a very useful marker in guiding the successful ablation site for this VT.
It should be emphasized that in 2 of the present patients, RF energy application resulted in not only immediate termination of VT but transient complete left bundle-branch block. VT remained noninducible even after left bundle-branch block disappeared. It is suggested that the reentry circuit, especially the LDP recording site, is suggested to be located close to the main trunk of the left bundle branch. Further studies on the relation between the reentry circuit of this VT and left bundle branch itself are required.
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Acknowledgments |
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We wish to thank Hiromi Yano for secretarial assistance and Michio Hamada, Kumiko Hayashi, and Keiko Morinaga for technical assistance.
Received August 27, 1996; revision received February 8, 1999; accepted February 12, 1999.
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