(Circulation. 1999;99:2414-2422.)
© 1999 American Heart Association, Inc.
Clinical Investigation and Reports |
Clinical Experience With a Novel Multielectrode Basket Catheter in Right Atrial Tachycardias
Presented in part at the 70th Scientific Sessions of the American Heart Association, Orlando, Fla, November 9–12, 1997, and published in abstract form (Circulation. 1997;96[suppl I]:I-586).
From Deutsches Herzzentrum München and 1 Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
Correspondence to Claus Schmitt, MD, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Lazarettstrasse 36, D-80636 München, Germany. E-mail schmitt{at}dhm.mhn.de
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Abstract |
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Background—The complexity of atrial tachycardias (ATs) makes the electroanatomic characterization of the arrhythmogenic substrate difficult with conventional mapping techniques. The aim of our study was to evaluate possible advantages of a novel multielectrode basket catheter (MBC) in patients with AT.
Methods and Results—In 31 patients with AT, an MBC composed of 64 electrodes was deployed in the right atrium (RA). The possibility of deployment, spatial relations between MBC and RA, MBC recording and pacing capabilities, mapping performance, and MBC-guided ablation were assessed. MBC deployment was possible in all 31 patients. The MBC was left in the RA for 175±44 minutes. Stable bipolar electrograms were recorded in 88±4% of electrodes. Pacing from bipoles was possible in 64±5% of electrode pairs. The earliest activity intervals, in relation to P-wave onset, measured from the MBC and standard roving catheters were 41±9 and 46±6 ms, respectively (P=0.21). Radiofrequency ablation was successful in 15 (94%) of 16 patients in whom it was attempted, including 2 patients with polymorphic right atrial tachycardia (RAT), 2 with RAT–atrial flutter combination, 1 with macroreentrant AT, and 1 with focal origin of atrial fibrillation.
Conclusions—These data demonstrate that MBC can be used safely in patients with right atrial arrhythmias. The simultaneous multielectrode mapping aids in the rapid identification of sites of origin of the AT and facilitates radiofrequency ablation procedures. The technique is especially effective for complex atrial arrhythmias.
Key Words: tachycardia • catheters • mapping • catheter ablation
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Introduction |
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Experimental high-density mapping systems1 2 3 that allow simultaneous rapid acquisition of numerous electrical signals generated by a selected surface area or volume of myocardium are not commonly available to clinical electrophysiologists. Currently available mapping techniques usually use standard electrophysiological catheters with a limited number of electrodes, which are sequentially steered to selected endocardial sites to record local electrical activity or to perform cardiac pacing. Activation sequence mapping with current techniques is time consuming, technically difficult, not reproducible, and not suitable for hemodynamically unstable patients or short-lived generated arrhythmias.4 5
Recently, to overcome these setbacks in mapping methodology, several new multielectrode catheters6 7 8 9 and new mapping techniques10 11 12 13 have emerged. One type of these new catheters represents an expandable multielectrode basket catheter (MBC) that can be delivered to the endocardial surface by a standard percutaneous catheterization technique.10 11 12 MBCs are used primarily in experimental models in animals.7 8 9 14 Clinical use of MBCs in humans is still very limited.15 16 17 18
The aim of our study was to evaluate the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of the use of a novel multielectrode basket mapping catheter in patients with atrial tachycardia (AT).
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Methods |
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Patient Population
The study population consisted of 31 patients with AT (16 men, 15 women) who were referred for electrophysiological study at Deutsches Herzzentrum München during a period of time from July 1996 until June 1998. Mean patient age was 52.8±19 years (range, 19 to 78 years). The underlying heart disease was dilated cardiomyopathy in 7 patients, coronary artery disease in 5, obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in 2, myocarditis in 1, and sarcoidosis in 1. Arterial hypertension was found in 9 patients, and no clinically detectable structural heart disease was found in the remaining 6 patients. The mean duration of arrhythmia was 2.5±2.2 years (range, 3 months to 10 years). All patients used 1 to 3 antiarrhythmic drugs (median, 2) to control arrhythmia before ablation. Palpitations and dyspnea were the main presenting symptoms. Of the 31 patients, 20 had incessant AT. Syncopal attacks occurred in 4 patients.
All patients had ECG documentation of spontaneous episodes. All patients underwent an initial evaluation that included history, physical examination, ECG, 24-hour ECG monitoring, radiographic examination, and 2-dimensional echocardiography with color Doppler flow analysis. The definition of AT diagnosis was made on the basis of well-accepted criteria.19 20
Electrophysiological Study and MBC
Deployment
All patients underwent
electrophysiological study in the fasting
postabsorptive state after the procedure was explained to them and
written consent was obtained from them. Antiarrhythmic drugs were
discontinued 
5 half-lives before the study. Patients were mildly
sedated with midazolam (1 to 2 mg IV).
After echocardiographic estimation of RA dimensions,
with the patient under local anesthesia, an 11F sheath was
intravenously inserted in the right or left femoral vein
and positioned at the RA via a pigtail catheter. The pigtail catheter
was withdrawn, and the collapsed MBC (Constellation, EPT) was advanced
past the distal end of the sheath, which was then pulled back into the
inferior vena cava. The MBC (Figure 1
) was composed of 64 electrodes mounted
on 8 flexible, self-expanding nitinol splines (each spline carrying 8
platinum-iridium ring electrodes). The electrodes were equally spaced 4
or 5 mm apart depending on the size of the MBC used (with
diameters of 48 or 60 mm, respectively). Each spline was
identified by a letter (from A to H) and each electrode by a number
(from 1 to 8, with electrode 1 having the cranial position on the
splines). Electric-anatomic relations were determined by 1 of the
following criteria: (1) fluoroscopically identifiable markers were
mounted on splines A and B (1 marker on spline A and 2 on spline B in
the proximal position) or (2) the recording of the His bundle
on a particular spline served as a landmark for the position of the
other splines. Once deployed, the MBC was not further manipulated.
Final positions were documented with cinefluorograms taken in the right
anterior oblique (RAO; 30°) and left anterior oblique (LAO; 40°)
views. Of 64 platinum-iridium electrodes, 56 bipolar electrograms were
derived (by combining electrodes 1 and 2, 2 and 3, etc, until 7 and 8
electrodes were on each spline).
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After MBC deployment, the conventional catheters were introduced and positioned in standard positions inside the right heart and coronary sinus. A 5F decapolar electrode catheter (Medtronic, Inc) with an interelectrode distance of 2 mm and 10-mm spacing between electrode pairs was inserted percutaneously into the right internal jugular vein and positioned into the coronary sinus. Quadripolar catheters (BARD) with 5-mm interelectrode distance were advanced from the left femoral vein to the right ventricular apex and across the tricuspid valve for recording of His bundle potential. All intracardiac electrograms and surface leads I, II, aVF, and V1 were simultaneously acquired (BARD Labsystem). Intracardiac electrograms were amplified, digitized at 1000 Hz, filtered (30 to 500 Hz), and recorded on an optical disk. A 12-lead surface ECG was available throughout the procedure. Anticoagulation was performed by bolus administration of 5000 IU of heparin, followed by continuous intravenous heparin infusion at an infusion rate of 1000 IU/h to maintain activated clotting time between 200 and 350 seconds. Before the MBC was removed, the sheath was readvanced over the basket to collapse it.
Spatial relations between basket splines and the right atrial endocardial contour were determined by contrast injection into the right atrium (RA) (through the sheath placed in the jugular vein) and the coronary sinus (via an Amplatz catheter). Cinefluorograms were taken in anteroposterior and lateral views.
Intracardiac Mapping
All 56 MBC electrograms or selected electrograms were displayed
and combined with other electrograms depending on the stage of the
study or the zone of interest. The local activity in bipolar
electrograms was taken as the first rapid deflection that crossed the
isoelectric line. The earliest activity interval was measured from the
beginning of activity in any of the MBC recordings to the
beginning of the P wave on the surface ECG. The ablation catheter was
placed in the region of earliest activity, and the local electrogram
was recorded from the distal poles. Beat-to-beat changes in the
zone of earliest electrical activity associated with changes in right
AT (RAT) activation sequences were considered diagnostic
criteria for multifocal AT. Tachycardias with different but
monomorphic morphologies observed or induced in the same patient were
considered polymorphic. We differentiated left atrial
tachycardias (LATs) by comparing local activities
recorded in the coronary sinus and MBC. If atrial activity
recorded in the coronary sinus preceded all atrial
activities recorded on the MBC, the diagnosis of LAT was
established.
The electrical stimulation (Biotronik 2000) was performed with a switch box (EPT) that allowed rapid selection of each electrode pair anywhere on the MBC. If tachycardia was not induced or was not sustained, isoproterenol was infused starting with a dose of 0.5 µg/min, with dose increases until the heart rate increased by 30% or tachycardia developed spontaneously or with electrical stimulation.
Radiofrequency Ablation Procedure
The mapping-ablation catheter (RF Marinr, Medtronic, Inc,
or Blazer, EPT) was moved inside the RA under fluoroscopic
control to the spline with the earliest atrial activity. Radiofrequency
energy was delivered as an unmodulated radiofrequency current at a
frequency of 550 kHz between the tip of the catheter and a skin patch
placed under the left shoulder for 
60 seconds at a preset temperature
mode (preset temperature, 70°C).
Statistical Analysis
Data are presented as percentage, range, or mean±SD.
The 2-tailed Student's t test for unpaired data was used to
test for statistical difference. We performed linear regression
analysis by calculating the Pearson correlation coefficient.
Differences were considered significant at a P value
<0.05.
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Results |
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Feasibility and Safety of MBC Application
The MBC was inserted successfully in all 31 patients. Time needed for MBC deployment was almost identical to that needed for a standard sheath (2 to 3 minutes), with a small amount of additional time spent to advance the basket catheter through the sheath lumen. The MBC did not hinder the placement or manipulation of other mapping or ablation catheters. No electrical irritability was observed during or after insertion of the MBC. The MBC was left in the RA for 175±44 minutes (range, 87 to 245 minutes).
Stability of MBC Recordings and Complications
The MBC maintained good electrical contact during the
cardiorespiratory cycle. Stable electrograms could be recorded in
88±4% of electrode pairs, whereas bipolar pacing (with rectangular
pulses up to 10 V) was possible in 64±5% of bipoles. His bundle
potential was recorded in 12 patients (40%). Application of
contrast dye after MBC placement revealed that the isthmus region, the
atrial appendage, and, depending on how far the basket catheter was
advanced, the region around the superior vena cava did not show tight
wall contact with the splines (Figure 2).
Patients expressed no additional sensations or complaints related to
MBC deployment compared with those of a standard
electrophysiological study. No
complications related to MBC deployment or MBC-guided ablation occurred
in the study population. Close inspection of the splines after removal
revealed no thrombotic material or mechanical or ablation-related
damage in any of the MBC components.
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Right Atrial Tachycardias
In 21 (70%) of 31 patients with ECG-documented spontaneous ATs,
the site of origin was within the RA. The locations of successfully
ablated arrhythmia foci were as follows: base of RA appendage
in 4 patients, lateral region in 9 patients (high, 3 patients; mid, 4
patients; and low, 2 patients), low posterolateral region in 3
patients, and low septal region (near the triangle of Koch) in 1
patient. The mean value of the earliest endocardial to beginning of
P-wave interval measured from MBC recordings was 40±8 ms
compared with 45±6 ms for the same interval measured from a standard
mapping (ablation) catheter (P=0.22). Correlation between
values of the earliest activity interval was fairly strong
(r=0.88). In 60% of cases, no earlier activity than that
reflected in MBC electrograms could be found with the roving standard
catheter. In 10 patients (30%), arrhythmia originated
from the left atrium. The mean cycle lengths for RATs and LATs were
387±65 and 283±28 ms, respectively (P=0.005). In ATs
originating from the left atrium, the earliest atrial activity
recorded in the coronary sinus preceded the earliest atrial
activities recorded from the MBC (Figure 3). However, in LATs originating around
the right upper pulmonary vein, the earliest electrical
activity was recorded on splines covering the upper
posteroseptal parts of the RA before atrial activity was
recorded from any of the coronary sinus positions (Figure 4).
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Mechanisms and Association With Other Atrial Arrhythmias
Response to electrical stimulation and isoproterenol showed
that AT was automatic in 16 patients (6 patients with LAT) and
nonautomatic in 15 patients (4 patients with LAT). The MBC
recordings showed that the earliest activity emerged from a
circumvented region (focus or exit point) in 20 patients. Subsequently,
the impulse was radially propagated, without evidence of its return to
the site of origin (Figure 5). RAT was
monomorphic in 9 patients, polymorphic in 3 (2 distinct
morphologies in 2 patients, 3 morphologies in 1 patient), and
multifocal in 2. In both patients with multifocal RAT, the site of
earliest activity and the activation sequence manifested beat-to-beat
variations (Figure 6). In 1 patient, the
RA activation sequence had a clear macroreentrant pattern. The
arrhythmia was repeatedly induced with premature extrastimuli
from the posterior wall. The entrainment data further confirmed
reentrant origin and showed that the posterior wall was within the
reentry circuit (Figure 7).
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In combined arrhythmias, RAT coexisted with atrial flutter (2
patients) and atrial fibrillation (4 patients). All 6 patients had
previous ECG documentation of both arrhythmias. In 1 patient
with persistent atrial fibrillation, a focal tachycardia
took over immediately after internal defibrillation. MBC maps
demonstrated that the focus was located in the anteroseptal region of
the RA. The site of earliest activity was successfully ablated. No
drugs were prescribed, and the patient remained in sinus rhythm during
10 months of follow-up (Figure 8).
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Results of Ablation Procedure
Seventeen foci were successfully ablated. Ablation was successful
in all patients with single foci, in 2 of 3 with polymorphic RAT,
and in 2 with AT–atrial flutter combination. In 2 patients with
multifocal AT and 3 in whom AT was interchangeable with atrial
fibrillation, ablation was not attempted. In the patient with reentrant
RAT, a linear lesion in the posterior wall terminated
tachycardia that was not inducible with electrical
stimulation and isoproterenol administration. A mean of 6.0±5.5
radiofrequency applications were registered, with an overall x-ray
exposure time of 22.8±10 minutes. Patients with LAT were treated in
separate procedures: 2 patients underwent successful ablation of
tachycardia that originated in the right upper
pulmonary vein region through the transseptal approach, and 5
patients underwent His bundle ablation and pacemaker insertion owing to
coexistence of frequent episodes of atrial fibrillation. The remaining
3 patients were prescribed drugs because of their unwillingness to
undergo a repeated procedure.
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Discussion |
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ATs account for nearly 15% of supraventricular tachycardias21 and may occur in the presence or absence of underlying heart disease.22 They have several mechanisms23 and multiple locations, with a clustering propensity in selected regions of the RA.24 25 Different mapping techniques have been proposed to locate the automatic foci or anatomic determinants of reentry circuits so that they can be effectively ablated.26 27
Most of the experience with the MBC has emerged from experimental studies in animals.7 8 9 14 Jenkins et al7 described an MBC (Webster Laboratories) with 25 bipoles and equipped with a pull-string mechanism to optimize tissue contact that was used in endocardial atrial mapping in animals during sinus rhythm and AT. The authors suggested that MBC could help in understanding and ablation of atrial arrhythmias. In 2 recently published studies,8 9 Eldar et al reported their experience in using an MBC (Constellation catheter, EPT) in animal models of ventricular tachycardia in pigs. In both studies, the authors stressed the value of the technique in mapping and ablation of ventricular tachycardia. The MBCs used in their studies were the same as ours, but we recorded almost twice as many bipolar electrodes (32 were recorded in their studies). Initial morphological data on possible mechanical damage of cardiac structures by the MBC have already been reported.7 14 Acute postmortem animal studies revealed small superficial abrasions scattered over the superior and inferior vena cava, the RA–superior vena cava junction, the base of the RA appendage, and the atrial surface of tricuspid valve leaflets.7 Chronic pathological data in sheep (4 to 8 weeks after MBC placement) showed focal endocardial thickenings and mild endocardial fibrosis on histology, scattered about the posterior atrial surface and at the RA–superior vena cava junction.14
Clinical experience of MBC use in humans is limited. Triedman et al15 used computer-assisted combination of bipolar electrograms recorded with an MBC and spatial locations of electrode pairs derived from digitized biplane fluoroscopic reference points to create 3-dimensional atrial activation sequence maps in patients with intra-atrial reentrant tachycardia after palliation of congenital heart disease. Greenspon et al16 presented a case report of the use of an MBC to guide radiofrequency ablation in a postmyocardial infarction patient with incessant sustained ventricular tachycardia. Recently, Schalij et al17 found that mapping with an MBC was suitable for fast and hemodynamically unstable ventricular tachycardias.
The present study demonstrates the initial clinical experience with a novel MBC in patients with AT. Our data showed that an MBC can be used safely in patients with atrial arrhythmias. The MBC deployed in the RA had a good performance in terms of recording and pacing capabilities. The MBC proved to be extremely effective in rapidly detecting the earliest activity zone in patients with focal RAT. In patients with complex arrhythmias such as multifocal RAT, the MBC almost instantaneously identified sites of operative foci. Importantly, the recording of only a few beats was sufficient complete the analysis of the arrhythmogenic substrate and mechanism. Thus, MBCs appear clearly advantageous for complex or short-lived arrhythmia analysis. In reentrant RAT, the MBC proved to be a valuable tool in identifying the mechanisms and differentiating RAT from other arrhythmias. The multiple recordings throughout the RA combined with the capacity of pacing from the majority of basket electrodes allowed the evaluation of activation patterns of entrained rhythms, which may help in overcoming difficulties of the current entraining technique.
The coexistence of AT with other arrhythmias is not uncommon.28 The present study showed additional advantages of the current mapping system in complex or coexisting atrial arrhythmias. The presence and location of additional foci or activation patterns were instantaneously reflected in MBC maps. The technique avoids a laborious search for multiple foci in the complex 3-dimensional structure of the RA.
In the patient with macroreentrant AT, the MBC demonstrated electrical activity throughout the diastolic interval, the zone of slow conduction, and the line of block. The entrainment attempts gave a remarkable picture of the entrainment with concealed fusion, providing evidence that the current mapping system combined with entrainment techniques may result in a highly sophisticated tool for the analysis of complex rhythms or activation patterns. Preliminary studies have reported that MBCs are suitable mapping tools in reentrant rhythms such as atrial flutter.18 29 30
Finally, MBC-guided ablation was successful in 15 (94%) of 16 patients with RAT in whom the approach was attempted, which is comparable to reported results from other studies.24 26 27 31 32
Recently, the techniques of noncontact endocardial mapping10 11 and electroanatomic mapping12 13 have been developed and introduced in clinical electrophysiology. To the best of our knowledge, no comparative studies to validate the values and advantages of these different approaches of cardiac mapping have been conducted.
Study Limitations
The most serious limitation of the use of the current mapping
system in RAT is related to the specific anatomic features of the RA
that do not allow complete endocardial coverage by MBC electrodes. Some
important regions for location of AT foci, such as the RA appendage or
the isthmus region for atrial flutter ablation, are covered
incompletely by the MBC. The use of the MBC in LAT seems to be even
more problematic because of the need for transseptal
catheterization, specific anatomic peculiarities of the
left atrium, and possible systemic thromboembolism. Despite the
advantages of the current mapping system, the procedure duration and
mean x-ray exposure time reported in the present study were
conditioned by the time spent for validation of the technique (pacing
from all bipoles, coronary sinus
catheterization, and contrast evaluation of the
relations between MBC and RA endocardial contour). Despite the
multitude of simultaneous recordings, the proper
identification of LATs located in the right upper pulmonary
vein region remains unattainable with the current mapping
system. The degree of resolution of the currently available MBC is
insufficient to reflect microreentrant rhythms that might be the
mechanism of AT.
Conclusions
These data demonstrate that MBCs can be safely used in patients
with RA arrhythmias. The simultaneous
multielectrode mapping aids in the rapid identification of sites of
origin and mechanisms of the ATs. The technique is especially effective
for complex atrial arrhythmias. Radiofrequency ablation
procedures can be guided by the MBC mapping system.
Received August 12, 1998; revision received January 12, 1999; accepted February 16, 1999.
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 J. Weipert, C. Noebauer, C. Schreiber, M. Kostolny, B. Zrenner, A. Wacker, J. Hess, and R. Lange Occurrence and management of atrial arrhythmia after long-term Fontan circulation J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., February 1, 2004; 127(2): 457 - 464. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Committee Members, C. Blomstrom-Lundqvist, M. M. Scheinman, E. M. Aliot, J. S. Alpert, H. Calkins, A. J. Camm, W. B. Campbell, D. E. Haines, K. H. Kuck, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC guidelines for the management of patients with supraventricular arrhythmias --executive summary: a report of the American college of cardiology/American heart association task force on practice guidelines and the European society of cardiology committee for practice guidelines (writing committee to develop guidelines for the management of patients with supraventricular arrhythmias) Developed in Collaboration with NASPE-Heart Rhythm Society J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 15, 2003; 42(8): 1493 - 1531. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C. Blomstrom-Lundqvist, M. M. Scheinman, E. M. Aliot, J. S. Alpert, H. Calkins, A. J. Camm, W. B. Campbell, D. E. Haines, K. H. Kuck, B. B. Lerman, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Supraventricular Arrhythmias*--Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Supraventricular Arrhythmias) Circulation, October 14, 2003; 108(15): 1871 - 1909. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 Committee Members, C. Blomstrom-Lundqvist, M. M Scheinman, E. M Aliot, J. S Alpert, H. Calkins, A.J. Camm, W.B. Campbell, D. E Haines, K. H Kuck, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC guidelines for the management of patients with supraventricular arrhythmias--executive summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American HeartAssociation Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines(Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Supraventricular Arrhythmias)Developed in collaboration with NASPE-Heart Rhythm Society Eur. Heart J., October 2, 2003; 24(20): 1857 - 1897. [Full Text] [PDF]
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U. Wetzel, G. Hindricks, P. Schirdewahn, A. Dorszewski, A. Fleck, F. Heinke, and H. Kottkamp A stepwise mapping approach for localization and ablation of ectopic right, left, and septal atrial foci using electroanatomic mapping Eur. Heart J., September 1, 2002; 23(17): 1387 - 1393. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Zrenner, G. Ndrepepa, M. R. Karch, M. A. E. Schneider, J.u. Schreieck, A. Schomig, and C. Schmitt Electrophysiologic characteristics of paroxysmal and chronic atrial fibrillation in human right atrium J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 1, 2001; 38(4): 1143 - 1149. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Zrenner, G. Ndrepepa, M. Schneider, M. Karch, F. Hofmann, A. Schomig, and C. Schmitt Computer-assisted animation of atrial tachyarrhythmias recorded with a 64-electrode basket catheter J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., December 1, 1999; 34(7): 2051 - 2060. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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