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(Circulation. 1999;99:3063-3070.)
© 1999 American Heart Association, Inc.
Basic Science Reports |
Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibition Attenuates Early Left Ventricular Enlargement After Experimental Myocardial Infarction in Mice
From the Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (L.E.R., A.D., L.H.A., M.A., G.H.S., P.L., R.T.L.), and Pfizer Central Research, Groton, Conn (A.L.-A., K.F.M., P.G.M.).
Correspondence to Richard T. Lee, MD, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115.
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Abstract |
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 Top Abstract IntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Background—Extracellular matrix synthesis and degradation contribute to the morphological changes that occur after myocardial infarction (MI).
Methods and Results—We tested the hypothesis that inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) attenuates left ventricular remodeling in experimental MI. Seventy-one male FVB mice that survived ligation of the left anterior coronary artery were randomized to a broad-spectrum MMP inhibitor (CP-471,474) or placebo by gavage. Echocardiographic studies were performed before randomization (within 24 hours of surgery) and 4 days later and included short-axis imaging at the midpapillary and apical levels. Infarction as defined by wall motion abnormality was achieved in 79% of the procedures (n=56), and mortality rate during the 4-day protocol was 23% (9 of 36 on treatment vs 7 of 35 on placebo; P=NS). Baseline end-diastolic and end-systolic dimensions and areas were similar (P=NS) between treated and placebo groups. At follow-up, infarcted mice allocated to MMP inhibitor had significantly smaller increases in end-systolic and end-diastolic dimensions and areas at both midpapillary and apical levels compared with infarcted mice allocated to placebo (all P<0.05). In addition, infarcted animals that received MMP inhibitor had no change in fractional shortening (-3±13%), whereas animals that received placebo had a decrease in fractional shortening (-12±12%) (P<0.05). In an analysis stratified by baseline end-diastolic area, the effects of MMP inhibition on the changes in end-systolic area and end-diastolic area were most prominent in animals that had more initial left ventricular dilatation (both P<0.05).
Conclusions—–Administration of an MMP inhibitor attenuates early left ventricular dilation after experimental MI in mice. Further studies in genetically altered mice and other models will improve understanding of the role of MMPs in left ventricular remodeling.
Key Words: myocardial infarction • metalloproteinases • left ventricle
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Introduction |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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The extent of initial ischemic damage as well as the subsequent effects of distending forces and the tissue healing process1 2 3 4 5 influence ventricular dilatation after myocardial infarction (MI). Dynamic expression and activation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) may mediate many of the morphological changes that occur after MI at both infarcted and peri-infarcted regions.6 7 8 MMPs are members of a family of enzymes that degrade specific extracellular matrix components; the activity of MMPs is increased in both experimental MI8 and clinical dilated cardiomyopathy.9 Animal models of congestive heart failure, for example, demonstrate that the activity of MMP-1 (interstitial collagenase), MMP-2 (gelatinase A), and MMP-3 (stromelysin-1) rises as left ventricular end-diastolic dimension increases.10
As extracellular matrix degradation may play an important role in left ventricular remodeling, MMP inhibition has emerged as a potential therapeutic strategy for patients at risk for development of congestive heart failure. Preliminary data suggest that administration of an MMP inhibitor may attenuate left ventricular enlargement in pacing-induced models of congestive heart failure11 and in spontaneous heart failure in rats.12 The effects of MMP inhibition in the post-MI period are incompletely defined. The present study evaluated the effects of administration of a broad-spectrum oral MMP inhibitor in early left ventricular remodeling as assessed by transthoracic echocardiography after experimental MI in mice.
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Methods |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Animals and Surgery
Male FVB mice, ranging in age from 8 to 12 weeks and in weight from 25 to 30 g, underwent left coronary artery ligation for the production of MI. Surgical procedures have been described in detail elsewhere.13 14 Animals were anesthetized intraperitoneally with pentobarbital (25 to 30 µg/g). An endotracheal tube (polyethylene tube size 60) was introduced in the trachea. A volume-cycled rodent respirator (Harvard Co) provided positive pressure ventilation at 2 to 3 mL/cycle and a respiratory rate of 120 cycles/min. After the thoracic cavity was opened, ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery was performed with a 7-0 silk suture, 3 to 4 mm from the tip of the left auricle.
The chest was closed with continuous 6-0 prolene suture, followed by a 4-0 polyester suture to close the skin. The animals were then extubated and kept warm by a heat lamp for 1 hour during the recovery period. Antibiotics were not given during the procedure, and no apparent infection developed in any animals. All mice were housed under identical conditions and given food and water ad libitum. The Standing Committee on Animal Research from Harvard Medical School approved the protocol.
Imaging Procedure
Echocardiographic studies were performed under
light anesthesia and spontaneous respiration with the use
of intraperitoneal tribromoethanol/amylene hydrate
(Avertin, Aldrich) 2.5% wt/vol solution (8 µL/g of mouse).
Avertin was chosen for its negligible hemodynamic
effects at this dose. An ultrasonographer experienced in rodent
imaging, using commercially available equipment (Hewlett-Packard Sonos
5500; Hewlett-Packard Medical Products) and an 8- to 12-MHz
transducer, performed the imaging. A dynamically focused annular array
and fusion frequency technology were used, allowing ultrasound
frequencies up to 18 MHz. A standoff was used, and depth was set at 4
cm and the zoom mode was used to optimize resolution and penetration.
The identical zoom mode depth was always used to facilitate calibration
for off-line analysis.
Short-axis 2-dimensional images at the midpapillary and apical levels of the left ventricle were then stored as digital loops. Apical short-axis images were acquired at the greatest area/diameter in the lower third of the ventricle. Frame acquisition rates using digital loops were 120 Hz, allowing temporal resolution for analysis. At the same levels, short-axis M-mode images were obtained with at a sweep speed of 100 mm/s. Echocardiographic studies were performed (1) before initiation of drug or placebo (during the first 24 hours after the surgical procedures) and (2) at day 4 immediately before the animals were killed. We allowed a 24-hour recovery period for 2 reasons. First, echocardiographic imaging is more difficult immediately after surgery, and our primary end point was a change in left ventricular dimensions. Second, this hiatus allowed resolution of the effects of intubation and anesthesia.
Drug Characteristics and Administration
CP-471,474 (Pfizer Inc, MW 368) is a metalloproteinase
inhibitor (Figure 1
). To
establish the selectivity of this compound, a series of in vitro assays
was performed. Activity against recombinant human MMP-1 and MMP-13 was
determined with the quenched fluorescent substrate
DNP-Pro-(cyclohexylamine)-Gly-Cys(me)-His-Ala-Lys(NMA)-NH2
(360 nm excitation, 460 nm emission). Activity against recombinant
human MMP-2 and MMP-9 was determined with the quenched
fluorescent substrate
(7-amino-4-methyl-coumarin)-Pro-Leu-Gly-Leu-(dinitrophenylamine)-Ala-Arg-
NH2 (320 nm excitation, 390 nm emission).
Activity against recombinant human MMP-3 was determined with the
quenched fluorescent substrate
(7-amino-4-methyl-coumarin)-Arg-Pro-Lys-Pro-Val-Glu-(norvaline)-Trp-Arg-Lys-
NH2 (320 nm excitation, 390 nm emission). The
IC50 values for CP-471,474 were MMP-1, 1170
nmol/L; MMP-2, 0.7 nmol/L; MMP-3, 16 nmol/L; MMP-9, 13 nmol/L; and
MMP-13, 0.9 nmol/L.
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Pharmacokinetic studies were performed to estimate a dosage administration protocol for this study. A set of 3 mice per time point (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours after dosing) was orally administered the drug in methylcellulose at 10.5 and 100 mg/kg. Plasma concentrations were analyzed by a liquid chromatographic assay with mass spectroscopy detection monitoring the molecular related ion of CP-471,474. After oral administration at 10.5 and 100 mg/kg, the mean maximal concentration value was 1.0 and 20.1 µg/mL, and the mean areas under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC0-4) value were 1.63 and 25.6 µg-h/mL, respectively. Intravenous pharmacokinetics were also determined at 7.5 mg/kg in another set of mice. Absolute oral bioavailability was high (80.3%) at 10.5 mg/kg, indicating a low predicted hepatic clearance (<20 mL/min per kilogram) and that other organs (eg, kidney, lung) may be involved in clearance of the compound.
At the time of baseline echocardiographic study,
animals were randomized to receive the active drug (CP-471,474) or
placebo (methylcellulose carrier alone in equivalent volume),
administered in conscious animals by gavage twice a day (Figure 2). Randomization was performed with a
random-number generator from Microsoft Excel. CP-471,474 was suspended
in 0.5% methylcellulose to achieve a 10 mg/mL solution and was
administered at 120 mg/kg per dose and given twice per day. We chose to
administer the first MMP inhibitor dose immediately
after the first echocardiographic study (within the
first 24 hours after the surgery) to avoid any potential drug effects
on left ventricle remodeling parameters before day 1
imaging.
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Tissue Collection
The mice were killed immediately after the last
echocardiographic study (day 4); hearts were excised
and the right and left ventricles separated. A transverse section 5 to
7 mm in length was obtained at the midventricular
level to assure the inclusion of papillary muscle sections. Tissue
sections were embedded in OCT compound (Miles) and frozen in
2-methylbutane chilled with liquid nitrogen. Tissue blocks were stored
at -80°C until sectioning.
Echocardiographic Analysis
Echocardiographic analyses were
performed without knowledge of the allocation to placebo or MMP
inhibitor. From 2-dimensional short-axis imaging,
endocardial borders from 3 consecutive cardiac cycles were traced at
end-systole and end-diastole with the use of an off-line
analysis system.15 Measurements were performed at
the midpapillary level and within the apical third of the ventricle at
the maximum 2-dimensional diameter. The end-systolic (smallest)
and end-diastolic (largest) cavity areas were determined.
With the use of the end-diastolic and end-systolic
areas, fractional area change was calculated at both levels as [(end
diastolic area-end systolic
area)/end-diastolic area]. From M-mode short-axis imaging,
end-diastolic diameter, end-systolic diameter, and
fractional shortening were also calculated. For each measurement, 3
consecutive cardiac cycles were traced and averaged.
Because mouse transthoracic
echocardiography is a relatively new
technique,16 17 a reproducibility study was also
undertaken in a separate group of animals to ensure that any potential
differences between groups (treatment vs placebo) would not be
influenced substantially by internal variability in the
echocardiographic measurements. Echocardiograms were
performed on 4 separate days in 3 mice, and end-systolic and
end-diastolic measurements were performed in 6 consecutive
beats. The intraclass correlation coefficients for the means between
days were excellent between the animals (average 
=0.98).
Collagen Content
Myocardium collagen volume fraction was
determined by quantitative morphometry of Sirius red–stained sections
on a subset of 14 mice (7 receiving MMP inhibitor and 7
receiving placebo) with infarcts. Fresh-frozen sections (6 µm)
were rinsed with distilled water and incubated with 0.1% Sirius red
F3BA (Polyscience Inc) in saturated picric acid. Sections were then
rinsed twice with 0.01N HCl for 1 minute and then immersed in distilled
water. After dehydration with 70% ethanol for 30 seconds, sections
were visualized under polarized light and photographed with the same
exposure time for each section. Photographs in predefined regions
(infarcted, noninfarcted, and border) in the infarcted mice were
scanned and analyzed by morphometry with the use of a
computer-based quantitative 24-bit Optimas 5.2 image analysis
system (Optimas Co). Collagen volume fraction was calculated as the sum
of all connective tissue divided by the sum of muscle areas and
connective tissue in the visual field of the section. This approach
predicts the proportion of myocardium occupied by fibrillar
collagen and closely correlates with the hydroxyproline concentration
of the tissue.18
Statistical Analysis
In pilot studies, we found that some mice that underwent
surgical ligation of the left anterior coronary artery did not
have an apparent echocardiographic wall motion
abnormality within the first 24 hours. Not surprisingly, these animals
do not have increased left ventricular dimensions over the
first 4 days after the procedure (data not shown). On the basis of
these observations, this study was designed a priori to
analyze only those animals who had wall motion abnormalities
within 24 hours of the procedure. This determination was made at the
time of the initial echocardiogram and without knowledge of allocation
to drug or placebo. Animals without wall motion abnormalities were also
randomized and analyzed separately.
Data are expressed as mean±1 SD. Continuous variables were
compared between groups by use of the Student's t test. The
absolute difference between each echocardiographic
parameter was used to compare the differences between
animals allocated to placebo or MMP inhibitor at the
follow-up echocardiogram. In addition, in a secondary analysis,
data were stratified according to the baseline
end-diastolic area (
or >0.11
cm2), representing the median of the
distribution of the sample. A 2-tailed value of P<0.05 was
considered statistically significant.
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Results |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Mortality and Baseline Measurements
Seventy-one mice that survived 24 hours after MI surgery underwent transthoracic echocardiography for baseline imaging and were randomized to active treatment with MMP inhibitor (n=36) or placebo (n=35) (Figure 2
).
During the follow-up period, 16 (23%) deaths occurred (9 mice
receiving MMP inhibitor and 7 receiving placebo;
P=NS). All mice that died were confirmed to have MI by
initial echocardiography imaging and postmortem
examination. Death was attributed to congestive heart failure and/or
arrhythmias, except in 1 animal that died from left
ventricular rupture (allocated to the MMP
inhibitor group).
Baseline echocardiographic measurements from infarcted
mice that died during follow-up were not different between active
treatment or placebo groups (11.1±2.8 vs 11.4±3.4
mm2, P=0.84, and 11.2±2.4 vs
11.4±3.9 mm2, P=0.88; for
end-diastolic area at midpapillary and apical levels,
respectively). Similarly, baseline echocardiographic
measurements from infarcted mice that completed the follow-up period
were not different between treatment and placebo groups (Table 1). Figures 3 and 4
depict representative examples of M-mode tracings and
2-dimensional images from noninfarcted and infarcted mice. Dilatation
of the left ventricular cavity, thinning of
ventricular walls, and wall motion abnormalities occurred 4
days after surgery in the infarcted animals.
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Follow-Up Echocardiographic Measurements in
Infarcted Animals
Although there was an overall significant increase in mean heart
rate from baseline (day 1) to day 4 (from 503±78 to 599±61 bpm,
P<0.001, respectively), both MMP inhibitor and
placebo groups had similar changes in heart rate during this period
(MMP inhibitor increased 105±76 bpm; placebo increased
87±91 bpm; P=0.49).
At follow-up, infarcted mice allocated to MMP inhibitor
(n=20) had significantly smaller changes in end-systolic and
end-diastolic dimensions and areas at both midpapillary and
apical levels compared with infarcted mice allocated to placebo (n=20)
(all P<0.05) (Table 2). In addition, infarcted animals
receiving MMP inhibitor had no change in fractional
shortening (-3±13%), whereas animals receiving placebo had a
decrease in fractional shortening (-12±12%) (P<0.05).
When all echocardiographic parameters were
considered, there was a general trend for progressive left
ventricular enlargement in the placebo cohort, whereas the
animals receiving MMP inhibitor had no change in left
ventricular dimensions.
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Because left ventricular remodeling also may be related to
the magnitude of the initial damage, we further stratified our
follow-up analysis according to baseline
echocardiographic measurements (Table 3). Interestingly, the protective effect
of MMP inhibition was most prominent in animals that had greater degree
of left ventricular dilatation at baseline
(end-diastolic area >0.11
mm2). This effect was not observed in the
placebo-treated mice (Figure 5).
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Collagen Analysis
Irrespective of treatment allocation, collagen fractional area was
significantly greater in the infarcted segments when compared with the
border and noninfarcted regions (19.7±10.1% vs 13.0±8.0% vs
10.1±5.8%, P=0.02, respectively) (Figure 6). No significant differences in
collagen content were observed between treatment groups within the
infarcted, border, and noninfarcted segments, although we observed a
trend toward greater collagen fractional area in the infarcted segments
in the MMP inhibitor group compared with the placebo group
(Table 4).
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Noninfarcted Animals
Animals with no obvious cardiac enlargement or wall motion
abnormalities during the baseline echocardiogram were analyzed
separately (noninfarcted group; n=15).
Echocardiographic parameters at both
midpapillary and apical levels were significantly different in
noninfarcted mice when compared with infarcted mice.
End-diastolic area, end-systolic area, and
fractional area change were, respectively, 6.6±1.6
mm2 versus 10.6±2.5
mm2 (P<0.001), 1.7±0.9
mm2 versus 5.2±1.7
mm2 (P<0.001), and 75±10% versus
51±9% (P<0.001) when comparing noninfarcted with
infarcted mice at the midpapillary level. Overall, mean differences
between baseline (day 1) and follow-up (day 4)
echocardiographic areas in the noninfarcted animals
were 0.01 mm2 (except for
end-diastolic area at apical level=0.05
mm2), indicating reproducibility of serial
echocardiographic measurements in the noninfarcted
animals.
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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This study demonstrated that the administration of an MMP inhibitor attenuates early left ventricular enlargement after experimental MI in mice. This effect was most prominent in animals with initial baseline dilatation, suggesting that a particular benefit of MMP inhibition on ventricular remodeling in mice with more extensive damage. These effects, however, could not be explained by differences in collagen fractional area within different segments of the infarcted heart, indicating that factors other than collagen content may play a role in attenuating left ventricular enlargement.
Extracellular Matrix Remodeling
A growing body of evidence implicates extracellular matrix
remodeling as a key element in left ventricular remodeling.
Cleutjens et al7 have demonstrated a transient increase in
collagenase activity in the rat left ventricle that began 2
days after the infarction, peaked at day 7, and declined thereafter.
Studies of collagen content also emphasize the importance of the
balance between collagen synthesis and degradation.19 In a
pacing-induced tachycardia model in pigs, for example,
Spinale and colleagues20 demonstrated that increases in
MMP activity and expression were concurrent with a reduction in total
myocardial collagen content, left ventricular dilation, and
myocyte contractile dysfunction. The expression of specific MMPs has
also been explored in patients with end-stage congestive heart failure.
When compared with normal controls, dilated
cardiomyopathy ventricles had less
interstitial collagenase (MMP-1) and a
prominent increase in stromelysin (MMP-3) and gelatinase B (MMP-9)
expression.21 These findings indicate that the regulation
of MMPs varies with the type and timing of tissue insult.
The apparent similarity in collagen fractional area between animals allocated to placebo or MMP inhibitor observed in this study agrees with a recent report that evaluated the effects of MMP inhibition on dermal wound healing in rats.22 In that study, although collagen content of the wound did not differ between groups, there was a significant increase in wound strength in animals allocated to the MMP inhibitor. This finding indicates that factors other than absolute collagen content may be responsible for the beneficial effects of MMP inhibition. These factors could include the relative abundance of different types of collagen, collagen cross-linking, alignment and maturation, or changes in other components of extracellular matrix.22 23
The greater benefit of MMP inhibition observed in animals with larger baseline left ventricular dimensions concurs with findings from several studies that examined the effects of ACE inhibition on left ventricular remodeling parameters. For example, Pfeffer et al1 demonstrated that the greatest attenuation in ventricular enlargement and improvement in survival24 was observed in rats allocated to active drug treatment and at least moderately sized infarcts.
Experimental MI in Mice
Left ventricular remodeling occurs rapidly after
experimental MI in mice.14 Cavity dimensions increase
immediately after the infarction and evolve rapidly during the first
week after the initial insult. We planned (a priori) a 4-day
protocol to allow sufficient time to identify changes between treatment
groups. Thus the present study does not address the important
hypothesis that MMP inhibition could influence long-term
ventricular remodeling. Similarly, this study does not
preclude an additional effect if MMP inhibition were initiated at the
time of coronary ligation or the effects on coronary
occlusion with reperfusion.
The natural history of surgical MI in mice is incompletely understood and may not directly reflect pathophysiology in humans. In particular, both rats and mice lack interstitial collagenase (MMP-1), an MMP prominently expressed in many remodeling human tissues; instead, mice may degrade fibrillar collagen with an enzyme highly homologous to human MMP-13.25 The compound used in this study, CP-471,474, has a relatively high inhibitory constant for MMP-1. For this reason, compounds with this particular inhibitory spectrum may not be as effective in human left ventricular remodeling.
Several design characteristics from our study merit consideration. We and others26 have observed that different anesthetic protocols (drug, dose, and timing) during the echocardiographic study substantially affect left ventricular dimensions in mice. An echocardiographic assessment in normal mice using ketamine and xylazine as anesthetics, for example, reported significantly different echocardiographic values27 compared with values observed in our group of noninfarcted animals. During this study, we made every attempt to standardize our imaging protocol. Further, heart rate analysis indicated that both MMP inhibitor and placebo groups had similar changes in heart rate from day 1 to day 4. This finding suggests that the observed attenuation in left ventricular enlargement after MI could not be attributed to changes in heart rate. As the hemodynamic profile of CP-471,474 is incompletely described, the beneficial effects observed with CP-471,474 administration on left ventricular remodeling could at least in part be due to a hypothetical favorable hemodynamic profile of the drug. An alternative approach would had been to administer the MMP inhibitor before the surgery or immediately after surgery. Finally, the generalizability of our findings to other experimental models will depend on several intrinsic factors of the overall MMP inhibitory strategy, such as the MMP inhibitory spectrum from specific drugs, timing of administration, hemodynamic effects, and the specific characteristics of the remodeling processes in other species.
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Acknowledgments |
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Dr Ducharme was supported by the McLaughlin Foundation.
Received November 30, 1998; revision received February 26, 1999; accepted March 11, 1999.
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D. Li, V. Williams, L. Liu, H. Chen, T. Sawamura, T. Antakli, and J. L. Mehta LOX-1 inhibition in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury: modulation of MMP-1 and inflammation Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 2002; 283(5): H1795 - H1801. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. B. Ratcliffe Non-ischemic infarct extension: A new type of infarct enlargement and a potential therapeutic target J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 18, 2002; 40(6): 1168 - 1171. [Full Text] [PDF]
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W. Wang, C. J. Schulze, W. L. Suarez-Pinzon, J. R.B. Dyck, G. Sawicki, and R. Schulz Intracellular Action of Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 Accounts for Acute Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury Circulation, September 17, 2002; 106(12): 1543 - 1549. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. Falk, P.M. Soccal, J. Grunenfelder, G. Hoyt, T. Walther, and R.C. Robbins Regulation of matrix metalloproteinases and effect of MMP-inhibition in heart transplant related reperfusion injury Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., July 1, 2002; 22(1): 53 - 58. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. D. Stroud, C. F. Baicu, M. A. Barnes, F. G. Spinale, and M. R. Zile Viscoelastic properties of pressure overload hypertrophied myocardium: effect of serine protease treatment Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, June 1, 2002; 282(6): H2324 - H2335. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. M. Thompson and I. B. Squire Matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression after myocardial infarction: physiological or pathological? Cardiovasc Res, June 1, 2002; 54(3): 495 - 498. [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. M. Romanic, S. M. Harrison, W. Bao, C. L. Burns-Kurtis, S. Pickering, J. Gu, E. Grau, J. Mao, G. M. Sathe, E. H. Ohlstein, et al. Myocardial protection from ischemia/reperfusion injury by targeted deletion of matrix metalloproteinase-9 Cardiovasc Res, June 1, 2002; 54(3): 549 - 558. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Fraccarollo, P. Galuppo, J. Bauersachs, and G. Ertl Collagen accumulation after myocardial infarction: effects of ETA receptor blockade and implications for early remodeling: Presented in part at the 72nd Scientific Session of the American Heart Association, Atlanta, GA, USA, November 7-10, 1999, and published in abstract form (Circulation 1999;100(Suppl. 1):562) Cardiovasc Res, June 1, 2002; 54(3): 559 - 567. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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W. S. Bradham, G. Moe, K. A. Wendt, A. A. Scott, A. Konig, M. Romanova, G. Naik, and F. G. Spinale TNF-alpha and myocardial matrix metalloproteinases in heart failure: relationship to LV remodeling Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, April 1, 2002; 282(4): H1288 - H1295. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. G. Spinale Matrix Metalloproteinases: Regulation and Dysregulation in the Failing Heart Circ. Res., March 22, 2002; 90(5): 520 - 530. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Y. Li, T. Kadokami, P. Wang, C. F. McTiernan, and A. M. Feldman MMP inhibition modulates TNF-alpha transgenic mouse phenotype early in the development of heart failure Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, March 1, 2002; 282(3): H983 - H989. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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W. S. Bradham, B. Bozkurt, H. Gunasinghe, D. Mann, and F. G. Spinale Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and myocardial remodeling in progression of heart failure: a current perspective Cardiovasc Res, March 1, 2002; 53(4): 822 - 830. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. I. Nwogu, D. Geenen, M. Bean, M. C. Brenner, X. Huang, and P. M. Buttrick Inhibition of Collagen Synthesis With Prolyl 4-Hydroxylase Inhibitor Improves Left Ventricular Function and Alters the Pattern of Left Ventricular Dilatation After Myocardial Infarction Circulation, October 30, 2001; 104(18): 2216 - 2221. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Walther, A. Schubert, V. Falk, C. Binner, A. Kanev, S. Bleiziffer, C. Walther, N. Doll, R. Autschbach, and F. W. Mohr Regression of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy After Surgical Therapy for Aortic Stenosis Is Associated With Changes in Extracellular Matrix Gene Expression Circulation, September 18, 2001; 104 (2009): I-54 - I-58. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Etoh, C. Joffs, A. M. Deschamps, J. Davis, K. Dowdy, J. Hendrick, S. Baicu, R. Mukherjee, M. Manhaini, and F. G. Spinale Myocardial and interstitial matrix metalloproteinase activity after acute myocardial infarction in pigs Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, September 1, 2001; 281(3): H987 - H994. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. E.J.M. Creemers, J. P.M. Cleutjens, J. F.M. Smits, and M. J.A.P. Daemen Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibition After Myocardial Infarction: A New Approach to Prevent Heart Failure? Circ. Res., August 3, 2001; 89(3): 201 - 210. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. T. Peterson, H. Hallak, L. Johnson, H. Li, P. M. O'Brien, D. R. Sliskovic, T. M. A. Bocan, M. L. Coker, T. Etoh, and F. G. Spinale Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibition Attenuates Left Ventricular Remodeling and Dysfunction in a Rat Model of Progressive Heart Failure Circulation, May 8, 2001; 103(18): 2303 - 2309. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. K. Podesser, D. A. Siwik, F. R. Eberli, F. Sam, S. Ngoy, J. Lambert, K. Ngo, C. S. Apstein, and W. S. Colucci ETA-receptor blockade prevents matrix metalloproteinase activation late postmyocardial infarction in the rat Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, March 1, 2001; 280(3): H984 - H991. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. A. Siwik, P. J. Pagano, and W. S. Colucci Oxidative stress regulates collagen synthesis and matrix metalloproteinase activity in cardiac fibroblasts Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, January 1, 2001; 280(1): C53 - C60. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Libby and R. T. Lee Matrix Matters Circulation, October 17, 2000; 102(16): 1874 - 1876. [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Kinugawa, H. Tsutsui, S. Hayashidani, T. Ide, N. Suematsu, S. Satoh, H. Utsumi, and A. Takeshita Treatment With Dimethylthiourea Prevents Left Ventricular Remodeling and Failure After Experimental Myocardial Infarction in Mice : Role of Oxidative Stress Circ. Res., September 1, 2000; 87(5): 392 - 398. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Lu, Z. Gunja-Smith, J. F. Woessner, P. C. Ursell, T. Nissen, R. E. Galardy, Y. Xu, P. Zhu, and G. G. Schwartz Matrix metalloproteinases and collagen ultrastructure in moderate myocardial ischemia and reperfusion in vivo Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, August 1, 2000; 279(2): H601 - H609. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. V. Cohen, X.-M. Yang, T. Neumann, G. Heusch, and J. M. Downey Favorable Remodeling Enhances Recovery of Regional Myocardial Function in the Weeks After Infarction in Ischemically Preconditioned Hearts Circulation, August 1, 2000; 102(5): 579 - 583. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. A. Siwik, D. L.-F. Chang, and W. S. Colucci Interleukin-1{beta} and Tumor Necrosis Factor-{alpha} Decrease Collagen Synthesis and Increase Matrix Metalloproteinase Activity in Cardiac Fibroblasts In Vitro Circ. Res., June 23, 2000; 86(12): 1259 - 1265. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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