(Circulation. 1999;99:1215-1221.)
© 1999 American Heart Association, Inc.
Clinical Investigation and Reports |
Caval Contribution to Flow in the Branch Pulmonary Arteries of Fontan Patients With a Novel Application of Magnetic Resonance Presaturation Pulse
From the Division of Cardiology, Departments of Pediatrics (M.A.F., P.M.W., J.R.), Radiology (A.H., J.H.), and Surgery (M.J., T.L.S.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine.
Correspondence to Mark A. Fogel, MD, Wyeth-Ayerst Research, 145 King of Prussia Rd, Radnor, PA 19087. E-mail fogelm{at}war.wyeth.com
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Abstract |
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 Top Abstract IntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionAppendix 1References |
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Background—A complete understanding of fluid mechanics in Fontan physiology includes knowledge of the caval contributions to right (RPA) and left (LPA) pulmonary arterial blood flow, total systemic venous return, and relative blood flow to each lung.
Methods and Results—Ten Fontan patients underwent cine MRI. Three cine scans of the pulmonary arteries were performed: (1) no presaturation pulse, (2) a presaturation pulse labeling inferior vena cava (IVC) blood (signal void), and (3) a presaturation pulse labeling superior vena cava (SVC) blood. The relative signal decrease is proportional to the amount of blood originating from the labeled vena cava. This method was validated in a phantom. Whereas 60±6% of SVC blood flowed into the RPA, 67±12% of IVC blood flowed toward the LPA. Of the blood in the LPA and RPA, 48±14% and 31±17%, respectively, came from the IVC. IVC blood contributed 40±16% to total systemic venous return. The distributions of blood to each lung were nearly equal (RPA/LPA blood=0.94±11).
Conclusions—In Fontan patients with total cavopulmonary connection, SVC blood is directed toward the RPA and IVC blood is directed toward the LPA. Although the right lung volume is larger than the left, an equal amount of blood flow went to both lungs. LPA blood is composed of equal amounts of IVC and SVC blood because IVC contribution to total systemic venous return is smaller than that of the SVC. This technique and these findings can help to evaluate design changes of the systemic venous pathway to improve Fontan hemodynamics.
Key Words: Fontan procedure • blood flow • lung • magnetic resonance imaging • heart defects, congenital
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Introduction |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionAppendix 1References |
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The fluid mechanics of pulmonary blood flow in Fontan physiology1 has been studied with increasing sophistication.1 2 3 4 5 6 The geometry of the systemic venous pathway has been implicated in various flow phenomena2 3 4 5 that may lead to energy losses.4 Much of this literature is predicated on the knowledge of the relative caval contributions to pulmonary flow and systemic venous return and the amount of blood flow to each lung. Furthermore, because a recent study suggests that caval contribution to total systemic venous return changes with age,7 it is likely that the various components of pulmonary blood flow also change, which has implications for systemic oxygen transport and the geometry of the systemic venous pathway. Until recently, quantification of these data in vivo has been nearly impossible.
Cine MRI, in which blood is signal-intense, can quantify this information in vivo.8 A presaturation pulse placed on blood entering the image plane produces a signal void.8 We hypothesized that when a presaturation pulse is placed on either vena cava of Fontan patients, the decrease in signal intensity in the pulmonary arteries is proportional to its contribution to each branch pulmonary artery. We used this concept to quantify, in a flow phantom in vitro and in Fontan patients in vivo, the contributions of both inferior (IVC) and superior (SVC) vena cava blood to right (RPA) and left (LPA) pulmonary artery flow, the contribution of each vena cava to total systemic venous return, and the relative amount of blood flow to both lungs.
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Methods |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionAppendix 1References |
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Phantom
A flow phantom was constructed to simulate the 4-way junction of the systemic venous pathway by connecting 4 pieces of flexible Tygon plastic tubing by use of a plastic 4-way "t"-connector (Figure 1
). Fluid inflow was directed into 2
opposing arms from 2 elevated fluid reservoirs (designated
"superior" and "inferior"). Two other arms
(designated "right" and "left") carried outflow to 2 separate
graduated cylinders placed below the 4-way "t"-connector. The
"t"-connector had inputs and outputs perpendicular to each other.
The tube inner diameter was 0.8 cm, the approximate diameter of the
systemic venous pathway in Fontan patients. Clamps placed on each arm
regulated each arm flow independently.
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Flow rates were adjusted so that the mean velocity would be 30 to 40 cm/s, the approximate velocity in the systemic venous pathway of Fontan patients.6 One input reservoir contained water and the other contained 0.9% sodium chloride as a marker. Both reservoirs contained aqueous cupric sulfate to approximate the T1 relaxation properties of blood.
Measurement of the chloride concentration in both input and output reservoirs and measurement of flow rate in each output allowed calculation of the percentage of flow to each output reservoir. Chloride concentration was measured by a Ciba chloride analyzer.
The flow rate in the output limbs was measured with the graduated cylinder and stopwatch by determining the volume of fluid entering the graduated cylinder in 1 minute.
Patients
We prospectively studied 10 patients with functional
single ventricles who underwent Fontan reconstruction at The
Children's Hospital of Philadelphia between June 1, 1995, and March
31, 1996. Patients were 1.8±0.3 years old and were studied 1.6±0.4
weeks after Fontan completion. Nine patients had hypoplastic left heart
syndrome, and 1 had critical subaortic stenosis with multiple
ventricular septal defects and aortic hypoplasia. All
patients underwent a lateral wall tunnel total cavopulmonary
connection with side-to-side anastomosis of the right SVC to the RPA
with patch augmentation of that junction. Patients with insignificant
flow across the fenestrations in their baffle were chosen, with average
aortic saturation of 91.4±2.9%. For them to enter the study, they
could have no discrete pulmonary artery stenosis (as
delineated by MRI); the diameters of the LPA and RPA were within 20%
of each other and >50% of that of the descending aortic diameter.
Patients with bilateral SVC–to–pulmonary artery connections
were excluded. Patients were stable enough to undergo a 1-hour MRI scan
under sedation. Informed consent was obtained from all participants. No
patient had arrhythmias that precluded imaging in the
scanner.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
All patients were sedated and tolerated this without
incident.
Studies were performed on a 1.5-T Siemens Vision system. The scanning
protocol was as follows (Figure 2A and 2B).
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1. Parameters we use to obtain spin-echo images of the
heart have been described previously.8a We initially
obtained spin-echo transverse images of the heart (Figure 2A
, top left) to identify the site of the branch pulmonary artery
connection to the SVC and the lateral wall tunnel baffle.
2. With the transverse images used to precisely localize the center of
the systemic venous pathway (by multiplanar reconstruction), sagittal
spin-echo images were acquired spanning the region of the heart (Figure 2A, right, and 2B, left) to localize the long axis of the
systemic venous pathway. This was used to evaluate the
superoinferior dimension of the branch pulmonary
arteries for subsequent cine imaging and to determine placement of the
presaturation band.
3. Gradient echo imaging (cine): Prospective ECG-gated, gradient-echo
axial images were obtained at the level of the branch pulmonary
artery anastomosis to the SVC (Figure 2A, bottom left, and
Figure 2B, right. The position of the plane of the cine series
is shown in Figure 2B, left). Eight to 10 images were obtained,
spanning the entire cardiac cycle. The saturation pulse takes 1.0 ms to
apply and is applied 4.7 ms before the center of the excitation pulse
used in the acquisition sequence. The TR ranged from 40 to 60 ms
(depending on the R-R interval), the TE was 7.3 ms, field of view was
180 to 280 mm, matrix was 128x256 pixels (which was interpolated
to 256x256), and number of excitations was 3. Slice thickness was
determined by the superoinferior width of the branch
pulmonary artery and ranged from 6 to 10 mm.
Three sets of gradient-echo images of the branch pulmonary
arteries at the same level were obtained (Figure 2B, right): (1)
no presaturation pulse (Figure 2B, top); (2) a presaturation
band placed inferior to the image plane (Figure 2B, middle) to destroy spins from IVC blood and produce a signal void. The
band thickness extended from the IVC–right atrial junction to just
below the imaging plane and ranged from 3 to 8 cm (Figure 2B, middle left); (3) and a presaturation band placed superior to the image
plane (Figure 2B, bottom) to destroy the spins from SVC blood.
The band thickness was equal to the previous presaturation band.
The leading edge of the saturation band was 
3 mm from the
imaging plane.
The entire study was obtained in 1 hour. Respiratory gating was not performed, because respiration plays a minor role.6
Data Analysis
Images were downloaded onto a Sun SPARC station 10 (Sun
Microsystems), and VIDA (volumetric image and display
analysis)9 was used to manipulate the images.
Calculation of the contribution of fluid from the sodium chloride input
reservoir to each output limb of the phantom used the formula (left
limb is used as an example)
 | (1) |
The mean blood signal intensity in each pulmonary artery just
distal to the anastomosis site was measured in a rectangle 3 mm in
length and the width of the branch pulmonary artery (Figure 2A, bottom left). This was performed with the same rectangular
shape and position used for all 3 cine image sets. The width of the
branch pulmonary artery was also measured at that point. The
data for each individual patient represent the integrated flow
over the entire cardiac cycle.
The derivation of flow calculations to follow and exact formulas are given in the Appendix.
The IVC contribution to branch pulmonary artery flow is a function of both the decrease of total signal intensity in the branch pulmonary artery from the first to the second cine set (saturation of IVC blood producing a signal void) and the cube of the radius of the branch pulmonary artery. The SVC contribution to flow in each branch pulmonary artery is calculated similarly.
The percentage of blood in the LPA and RPA originating from the IVC is a function of the decrease in total signal intensity from the first to the second cine set (saturation of IVC blood producing a signal void) and the first to the third cine set (saturation of SVC blood producing a signal void) in the individual pulmonary artery. The percentages of blood in the LPA and RPA originating from the SVC were similar to that from the IVC, except that the numerators were different.
The amount of caval contribution to the total systemic venous return is a function of the sum of the decrease in total signal intensity from the first to the second cine set and the first to the third cine set in both branch pulmonary arteries.
The distribution of blood flow to each lung was the weighted average of percent caval contribution to the systemic venous return and the caval contribution to each pulmonary artery.
Statistics
Comparisons between 2 means were made by the paired 2-way
Student's t test and the Wilcoxon rank sum test.
All measurements are mean±SD. Intraobserver variability was determined
by replicate measures using the coefficient of variation. A single
trained observer performed all image analysis steps.
Significance was taken at P<0.05. This analysis was
performed on a PC using Excel 5.0 and JMP version 3.1.4 (SAS
Institute Inc).
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Results |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionAppendix 1References |
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Validation in a Phantom
The left output limb mean velocity was 32 cm/s, and that of the right output limb was 40 cm/s. Sodium chloride measurement of percent contribution of the sodium chloride input limb to flow in each output limb was within 10% of MRI measurements (Figure 1
and
Table).
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Caval Contribution to Pulmonary Arterial Flow
Figure 2B displays the raw image data. Note how similar and
uniform the signal is in both RPA and LPA in the top right panel
without a presaturation pulse. Compare this with the decreased signal
intensity in the LPA in the middle panel when the IVC blood is
saturated. Also compare this with the decreased signal intensity in the
RPA in the bottom panel when the SVC blood is saturated.
The first and second sets of bars in Figure 3 display the percent IVC and SVC
contributions, respectively, to LPA and RPA flow. The IVC contributed
significantly more blood to the LPA than the RPA, with an LPA/RPA flow
ratio of 2.5±1.5 (Figure 2B, middle right). Significantly more
blood in the SVC, however, was directed toward the RPA than the LPA,
with an LPA/RPA flow ratio of 0.68±0.19 (Figure 2B, bottom
right). The LPA/RPA flow ratio for the IVC and SVC differed
significantly from each other (P=0.009).
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The third and fourth sets of bars in Figure 3 display the amount
of blood in the LPA and RPA originating from the IVC and SVC. Although
the LPA blood was split nearly equally from flow originating in the IVC
and SVC, RPA blood had a predominance of flow originating in the
SVC.
Caval Contribution to Systemic Venous Return and Relative
Pulmonary Blood Flow
Figure 2B again shows the raw image data. Note the
generalized decrease in signal intensity in the pulmonary
arteries in the bottom right panel relative to the middle right panel,
consistent with the SVC contributing more flow to systemic
venous return.
The first set of bars in Figure 4
displays the amount of caval contribution to total systemic venous
return. The IVC contributed significantly less blood to the total
systemic venous return than the SVC. The second set of bars in Figure 4 displays the amount of blood each branch pulmonary
artery receives. The LPA and RPA received nearly equal amounts of
blood, with an LPA/RPA ratio of 1.14±0.48.
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The coefficient of variation for intraobserver variability was 6%.
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionAppendix 1References |
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The fluid mechanics of Fontan physiology has received much attention,2 3 4 5 6 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 and ways to optimize this physiology have been explored. This included work into the basic driving force of blood flow into the pulmonary arteries in the absence of a "pulmonary" pumping chamber,6 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 optimization of the geometry of the systemic venous pathway,2 3 4 5 visualization of the velocity profiles,6 and computational fluid dynamics using finite-element analysis.2 This body of literature is predicated to various degrees on the knowledge of caval contributions to the branch pulmonary arteries, caval contributions to total systemic venous return, and relative blood flow to each lung. This underlies the need to obtain these values in vivo.
It has classically been thought that IVC blood carries a majority of
systemic venous return.2 5 Recent suggested modifications
to systemic venous pathway geometry take advantage of this by
attempting to direct more IVC flow to the larger right lung and SVC
flow to the smaller left lung.20 Salim et al7
recently demonstrated in normal children that caval contributions to
systemic venous return vary with age, from a low in the IVC of 45% at
2.2 years old (at 1.8 years old in our study, the IVC contribution
was 40%) to a high of 65%, the adult value, at 6.6 years old. In the
face of changing caval flow and a fixed systemic venous pathway
geometry, the dynamics of systemic venous flow is likely to change with
age. Indeed, IVC flow directed toward the LPA makes sense for a
2-year-old, but this same patient at almost 7 years old will wind up
with a vast majority of total systemic venous return directed toward
the smaller lung.
The purpose of this study was to delineate the components of pulmonary blood flow in vivo by use of MRI and a novel application of the presaturation pulse.
The presaturation pulse acts as a marker of blood from the vessel it is applied to by producing a signal void.8 By placing a presaturation "band" on a vessel and imaging "downstream," one can observe where the blood from that vessel goes by the "negative washout." This study used the concept of quantifying this flow by measuring the decrease in signal intensity, validated it in a phantom, and measured the various flow components in vivo. We used images triggered to the ECG because we have demonstrated that the vast majority of flow in the systemic venous pathway is due to cardiac effects.6
Our observation that a substantial amount of SVC blood preferentially streams to the RPA and a substantial amount of IVC blood preferentially streams to the LPA is consistent with anecdotal evidence by angiocardiography.2
The way blood preferentially streams from the vena cava is a function of the geometry of the systemic venous pathway, the amount of flow each vena cava carries, and the amount of flow each lung can accommodate. The geometry of the systemic venous pathway in our study group differs from the geometry studied by others in vitro.3 4 5 The systemic venous pathways in our study patients were created in 2 stages by use of the "hemi-Fontan" procedure: a side-to-side anastomosis of the SVC to the RPA, with patch augmentation anterior to the SVC-RPA connection.
The distance between the axial centers of the SVC and the intra-atrial baffle is called the "offset." Although in our patients, there is no lateral offset of the SVC and IVC to each other,4 there is an offset anteroposterior to the RPA and LPA from the SVC and IVC. Sharma et al4 noted that a zero offset of the SVC and IVC carries a 100% power loss; however, they did not study a side-to-side anastomosis or an anteroposterior offset.
LPA blood originated from both venae cavae equally. This is because the IVC (lower flow) contributes a majority of its blood to the LPA (40% of systemic venous returnx66% of IVC blood is directed to the LPA=0.26), whereas the SVC (larger flow) contributes a small amount of blood to the LPA (60% of systemic venous returnx40% of the blood is directed to the LPA=0.24).
A majority of RPA blood originated from the SVC. This is because the SVC (higher flow) contributes a majority of its blood to the RPA (60% of systemic venous returnx60% of the blood is directed to the RPA=0.36), whereas the IVC (lower flow) contributes a small amount of blood to the RPA (40% of systemic venous returnx33% of the blood is directed to the RPA=0.12).
As mentioned, the IVC has classically been thought to carry a majority of systemic venous return.2 5 Some groups have modified the systemic venous pathway geometry to take advantage of this20 by channeling IVC blood into the RPA (larger lung) and SVC blood into the LPA (smaller lung). Our data demonstrated that without this modification, the reverse is true. However, the IVC flow in our age group is the smaller of the two venae cavae (40%), consistent with the recent work by Salim et al7 in healthy children (45%). To some degree, however, the distribution of caval flow to each pulmonary artery is a function of the amount of flow in each vena cava. How the geometry of the systemic venous pathway will distribute blood to each pulmonary artery when the Fontan patient gets older is unknown. The strategy of directing IVC flow into the RPA makes long-term sense, because the adult value is reached by the age of 6.6 years.
The amount of flow each vena cava contributes to each pulmonary artery also depends on how much blood flow each lung can accommodate. We calculated that equal amounts of blood went to both lungs even though the right lung is larger and should hold more blood.2 4 5 Indeed, that is the rationale behind channeling the vena cava with higher flow to the right lung.20 Tamir et al21 noted that of the 5 single-ventricle patients studied by lung perfusion scans, 2 had decreased perfusion to the right lung and 3 had normal perfusion to both lungs. del Torso et al22 noted that 7 of 19 Fontan patients had decreased perfusion to the right lung as well. None of these studies had patients with lateral wall tunnel total cavopulmonary connections that would influence the distribution of blood flow because of streaming effects and the more laminar flow profile.6
The geometry of the lateral wall tunnel total cavopulmonary connection may direct blood preferentially to the LPA, "filling up" the smaller left lung and leaving the right lung "underfilled"; this may be the reason why both lungs receive equal perfusion. If true, altering the geometry of the systemic venous pathway may optimize perfusion to both lungs and thereby optimize systemic oxygenation. Other causes for equal perfusion to both lungs are the patient's age (affects caval contribution to the systemic venous return), thromboembolic phenomenon, or autonomic nervous system alterations.
Our studies were performed early after Fontan reconstruction, before hospital discharge. It is unknown how the flow components would change later in the patient's course.
Limitations
Because MRI measures fixed planes in space, through-plane motion
may cause "partial volume" of some of the signal intensity. Because
the pulmonary arteries are minimally pulsatile in this
physiology, this would not change our results significantly.
Similarly, "partial-volume effects" can occur when blood vessels are imaged because the signal intensity at the edges averages the signal of the blood and the surrounding soft tissue. This problem was avoided by measuring the decrease in signal intensity from images with a presaturation pulse and those without a presaturation pulse. The difference between the signal intensities is solely from blood.
The saturation pulse takes 1.0 ms to apply and is applied 4.7 ms before the center of the excitation pulse used in the acquisition sequence. During that period, some recovery of spins would have occurred. This effect is not appreciable because of the small amount of time available for the spins to recover. It would also not change the relative percentages because spin recovery would occur in both pulmonary arteries.
The right-to-left flow from systemic to pulmonary venous pathways across the baffle fenestration would, in theory, alter the exact numbers for relative caval contribution to systemic venous return only. To minimize this, we studied patients with insignificant flow across this (aortic saturation, 91.4±2.9%).
It should be noted that this study was performed in sedated, supine patients. The findings may be altered with increased patient activity.
Finally, this technique is not applicable to patients with turbulent flow in the pulmonary arteries because turbulence would create a signal void and alter the calculations. This would probably apply only to patients with moderate to severe bilateral pulmonary artery obstruction.
Conclusions
This study has validated the use of a presaturation pulse to
quantify the relative contributions of caval flow to pulmonary
artery flow and total systemic venous return. It may be used to
evaluate flow components in the various systemic venous pathways
created surgically.
In Fontan patients, SVC blood is directed more toward the RPA and IVC blood is directed more toward the LPA. Nevertheless, LPA blood is composed of equal amounts of IVC and SVC blood, and the majority of RPA blood is from the SVC. In addition, the IVC accounts for only 40% of the total systemic venous return, and equal amounts of blood flow to each lung. These findings may help in designing a better Fontan procedure and change the way the systemic venous pathway geometry is created.
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Acknowledgments |
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The authors acknowledge the help of Henry Drott, MD, in the phantom validation.
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Appendix 1 |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionAppendix 1References |
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Derivation of Blood Flow Calculations
The assumptions (where k, k', etc, are constants) are that (1) the imaging slice thickness equals the pulmonary artery diameter; (2) flow in the systemic venous pathway is laminar6 ; (3) the signal intensity is proportional to the volume of tissue; and (4) after caval blood saturation, the decrease in signal intensity,
I, is proportional to the blood volume (Vol)
from the cava:
 | (2) |
Vol enters an artery in time t and fills the vessel for a
distance (vm)(t), where
vm is mean velocity. Saturated blood is the sum
of all Vol in that artery, which is the integral of I in each
pixel over area A extending the pulmonary artery width and the
length of (vm)(t). Area A is
 | (3) |
 | (4) |
 |
I
) in area A by area A (Figure 1, Equation 3)
over time t into Equation 4, we obtain
 | (5) |
R2. Substituting in
Equation 5,
 | (6) |
over
the cycle (heartbeat) to obtain
 | (7) |
t). Writing D for 
I (the sum of
all average signal intensity drops over the cardiac cycle), we
obtain
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1. Caval contribution to each pulmonary artery: Using the IVC
and LPA as an example, the fraction of blood from the IVC that enters
the LPA is
 | (8) |
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2. The percentage of blood in each pulmonary artery from
each vena cava: Using the IVC and LPA as an example, the fraction of
blood in the LPA that originated from the IVC is
 | (9) |
 |
3. Caval contribution to total systemic venous return: Using the IVC as
an example, the fraction of total systemic venous return that that is
contributed from the IVC is
 |
 | (10) |
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4. Relative blood flow to each lung: Use the following notation: IVR, SVR=% IVC and % SVC contribution to total systemic venous return, respectively; IL, SL=% IVC and % SVC contribution to LPA flow, respectively; and IR, SR=% IVC and % SVC contribution to RPA flow, respectively (all values calculated from the previous equations). Using the LPA as an example, the fraction of total systemic venous return that enters the LPA is (IVR)(IL)+(SVR)(SL).
The % for RPA flow is written similarly, with IR and SR instead of IL and SL.
Received February 19, 1998; revision received November 9, 1998; accepted November 18, 1998.
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References |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionAppendix 1References |
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K. K. Whitehead, K. Pekkan, H. D. Kitajima, S. M. Paridon, A. P. Yoganathan, and M. A. Fogel Nonlinear Power Loss During Exercise in Single-Ventricle Patients After the Fontan: Insights From Computational Fluid Dynamics Circulation, September 11, 2007; 116(11_suppl): I-165 - I-171. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 D. D. Soerensen, K. Pekkan, D. de Zelicourt, S. Sharma, K. Kanter, M. Fogel, and A. P. Yoganathan Introduction of a New Optimized Total Cavopulmonary Connection Ann. Thorac. Surg., June 1, 2007; 83(6): 2182 - 2190. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C. P. Cheng, R. J. Herfkens, A. L. Lightner, C. A. Taylor, and J. A. Feinstein Blood flow conditions in the proximal pulmonary arteries and vena cavae: healthy children during upright cycling exercise Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, August 1, 2004; 287(2): H921 - H926. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V.E. Hjortdal, K. Emmertsen, E. Stenbog, T. Frund, M. R. Schmidt, O. Kromann, K. Sorensen, and E.M. Pedersen Effects of Exercise and Respiration on Blood Flow in Total Cavopulmonary Connection: A Real-Time Magnetic Resonance Flow Study Circulation, September 9, 2003; 108(10): 1227 - 1231. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. P. Cheng, R. J. Herfkens, and C. A. Taylor Inferior vena caval hemodynamics quantified in vivo at rest and during cycling exercise using magnetic resonance imaging Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, April 1, 2003; 284(4): H1161 - H1167. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Fratz, J. Hess, M. Schwaiger, S. Martinoff, and H. C. Stern More Accurate Quantification of Pulmonary Blood Flow by Magnetic Resonance Imaging Than by Lung Perfusion Scintigraphy in Patients With Fontan Circulation Circulation, September 17, 2002; 106(12): 1510 - 1513. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A. Amodeo, M. Grigioni, G. Oppido, C. Daniele, G. D'Avenio, G. Pedrizzetti, S. Giannico, S. Filippelli, and R. M. Di Donato The beneficial vortex and best spatial arrangement in total extracardiac cavopulmonary connection J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., September 1, 2002; 124(3): 471 - 478. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 E M Pedersen, E V Stenbog, T Frund, K Houlind, O Kromann, K E Sorensen, K Emmertsen, and V E Hjortdal Flow during exercise in the total cavopulmonary connection measured by magnetic resonance velocity mapping Heart, June 1, 2002; 87(6): 554 - 558. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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