Circulation. 2001;104:1430-1435
doi: 10.1161/hc3601.095575
doi: 10.1161/hc3601.095575
(Circulation. 2001;104:1430.)
© 2001 American Heart Association, Inc.
Basic Science Reports |
Chronic Administration of Ghrelin Improves Left Ventricular Dysfunction and Attenuates Development of Cardiac Cachexia in Rats With Heart Failure
From the Department of Internal Medicine, National Cardiovascular Center (N.N., W.S.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Seamen’s Insurance Hospital (M.U.), the Department of Biochemistry, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute (M.K., F.Y., H.H., K.K.), the Department of Pathology, National Cardiovascular Center (Y.I.), and the Department of Cardiac Physiology, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute (H.M.), Osaka, and the Department of Physiology and Research Center for Genetic Engineering and Cell Transplantation, Tokai University, Kanagawa (Y.H., H.I.), Japan.
Reprint requests to Noritoshi Nagaya, MD, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cardiovascular Center, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan. E-mail nagayann{at}hsp.ncvc.go.jp
Background—— Ghrelin is a novel growth hormone (GH)–releasing peptide that may also induce vasodilation and stimulate feeding through GH-independent mechanisms. We investigated whether ghrelin improves left ventricular (LV) dysfunction and attenuates cardiac cachexia in rats with chronic heart failure (CHF).
Methods and Results—— Ligation of the left coronary artery or sham operation was performed; 4 weeks after surgery, rat ghrelin (100 µg/kg SC BID) or saline was administered for 3 weeks. Echocardiography and cardiac catheterization were performed. Serum GH and insulin-like growth factor-1 were significantly higher in both CHF and sham rats treated with ghrelin than in those given placebo (P<0.05 for both). CHF rats given placebo showed an impaired increase in body weight compared with sham rats given placebo (P<0.05). CHF rats treated with ghrelin, however, showed a significantly greater increase in body weight than those given placebo (+10% versus +3%, P<0.05). They showed significantly higher cardiac output (315±49 versus 266±31 mL · min-1 · kg-1, P<0.05) and LV dP/dtmax (5738±908 versus 4363±973 mm Hg/s, P<0.05) than CHF rats given placebo. Ghrelin increased diastolic thickness of the noninfarcted posterior wall, inhibited LV enlargement, and increased LV fractional shortening in CHF rats (from 15±3% to 19±3%, P<0.05).
Conclusions—— Chronic subcutaneous administration of ghrelin improved LV dysfunction and attenuated the development of LV remodeling and cardiac cachexia in rats with CHF.
Key Words: heart failure • hormones • growth substances • nutrition
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  C. M. MacLean, A.-T. Casanova, L. Baselgia-Jeker, N. Neave, F. Larsen, L. Skillern, J. Drewe, and C. Beglinger Effect of Food on the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of an Oral Ghrelin Agonist (ARD-07) in Healthy Subjects J. Clin. Pharmacol., May 1, 2009; 49(5): 553 - 559. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Balasubramaniam, R. Joshi, C. Su, L. A. Friend, S. Sheriff, R. J. Kagan, and J. H. James Ghrelin inhibits skeletal muscle protein breakdown in rats with thermal injury through normalizing elevated expression of E3 ubiquitin ligases MuRF1 and MAFbx Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, April 1, 2009; 296(4): R893 - R901. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Ashrafian, C. W. le Roux, A. Darzi, and T. Athanasiou Effects of Bariatric Surgery on Cardiovascular Function Circulation, November 11, 2008; 118(20): 2091 - 2102. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. O. Schwenke, T. Tokudome, I. Kishimoto, T. Horio, M. Shirai, P. A. Cragg, and K. Kangawa Early Ghrelin Treatment after Myocardial Infarction Prevents an Increase in Cardiac Sympathetic Tone and Reduces Mortality Endocrinology, October 1, 2008; 149(10): 5172 - 5176. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Yukawa, D. S. Weigle, C. D. Davis, B. T. Marck, and T. Wolden-Hanson Peripheral ghrelin treatment stabilizes body weights of senescent male Brown Norway rats at baseline and after surgery Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, May 1, 2008; 294(5): R1453 - R1460. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. O. Schwenke, T. Tokudome, M. Shirai, H. Hosoda, T. Horio, I. Kishimoto, and K. Kangawa Exogenous Ghrelin Attenuates the Progression of Chronic Hypoxia-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension in Conscious Rats Endocrinology, January 1, 2008; 149(1): 237 - 244. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Granado, A. I. Martin, M. Lopez-Menduina, A. Lopez-Calderon, and M. A. Villanua GH-releasing peptide-2 administration prevents liver inflammatory response in endotoxemia Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, January 1, 2008; 294(1): E131 - E141. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Soeki, I. Kishimoto, D. O. Schwenke, T. Tokudome, T. Horio, M. Yoshida, H. Hosoda, and K. Kangawa Ghrelin suppresses cardiac sympathetic activity and prevents early left ventricular remodeling in rats with myocardial infarction Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, January 1, 2008; 294(1): H426 - H432. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Iwakura, T. Akamizu, H. Ariyasu, T. Irako, K. Hosoda, K. Nakao, and K. Kangawa Effects of ghrelin administration on decreased growth hormone status in obese animals Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, September 1, 2007; 293(3): E819 - E825. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J.-N. Ma, H. H. Schiffer, A. E. Knapp, J. Wang, K. K. Wong, E. A. Currier, M. Owens, N. R. Nash, L. R. Gardell, M. R. Brann, et al. Identification of the Atypical L-Type Ca2+ Channel Blocker Diltiazem and Its Metabolites As Ghrelin Receptor Agonists Mol. Pharmacol., August 1, 2007; 72(2): 380 - 386. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. D. DeBoer, X. X. Zhu, P. Levasseur, M. M. Meguid, S. Suzuki, A. Inui, J. E. Taylor, H. A. Halem, J. Z. Dong, R. Datta, et al. Ghrelin Treatment Causes Increased Food Intake and Retention of Lean Body Mass in a Rat Model of Cancer Cachexia Endocrinology, June 1, 2007; 148(6): 3004 - 3012. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. Piccoli, L. Degen, C. MacLean, S. Peter, L. Baselgia, F. Larsen, C. Beglinger, and J. Drewe Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamic Effects of an Oral Ghrelin Agonist in Healthy Subjects J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 2007; 92(5): 1814 - 1820. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Baessler, M. Fischer, B. Mayer, M. Koehler, S. Wiedmann, K. Stark, A. Doering, J. Erdmann, G. Riegger, H. Schunkert, et al. Epistatic interaction between haplotypes of the ghrelin ligand and receptor genes influence susceptibility to myocardial infarction and coronary artery disease Hum. Mol. Genet., April 15, 2007; 16(8): 887 - 899. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. A. Tritos and E. G. Kokkotou The Physiology and Potential Clinical Applications of Ghrelin, a Novel Peptide Hormone Mayo Clin. Proc., May 1, 2006; 81(5): 653 - 660. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Nakahara, M. Nakagawa, Y. Baba, M. Sato, K. Toshinai, Y. Date, M. Nakazato, M. Kojima, M. Miyazato, H. Kaiya, et al. Maternal Ghrelin Plays an Important Role in Rat Fetal Development during Pregnancy Endocrinology, March 1, 2006; 147(3): 1333 - 1342. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Doi, T. Shono, M. Nishi, H. Furuta, H. Sasaki, and K. Nanjo IA-2beta, but not IA-2, is induced by ghrelin and inhibits glucose-stimulated insulin secretion PNAS, January 24, 2006; 103(4): 885 - 890. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Takeda, H. Nishimatsu, E. Suzuki, H. Satonaka, D. Nagata, S. Oba, M. Sata, M. Takahashi, Y. Yamamoto, Y. Terauchi, et al. Ghrelin Improves Renal Function in Mice with Ischemic Acute Renal Failure J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., January 1, 2006; 17(1): 113 - 121. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Marleau, M. Mulumba, D. Lamontagne, and H. Ong Cardiac and peripheral actions of growth hormone and its releasing peptides: Relevance for the treatment of cardiomyopathies Cardiovasc Res, January 1, 2006; 69(1): 26 - 35. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. J. Kleinz, J. J. Maguire, J. N. Skepper, and A. P. Davenport Functional and immunocytochemical evidence for a role of ghrelin and des-octanoyl ghrelin in the regulation of vascular tone in man Cardiovasc Res, January 1, 2006; 69(1): 227 - 235. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. P. Davenport, T. I. Bonner, S. M. Foord, A. J. Harmar, R. R. Neubig, J.-P. Pin, M. Spedding, M. Kojima, and K. Kangawa International Union of Pharmacology. LVI. Ghrelin Receptor Nomenclature, Distribution, and Function Pharmacol. Rev., December 1, 2005; 57(4): 541 - 546. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Granado, T. Priego, A. I. Martin, M{a} A. Villanua, and A. Lopez-Calderon Ghrelin receptor agonist GHRP-2 prevents arthritis-induced increase in E3 ubiquitin-ligating enzymes MuRF1 and MAFbx gene expression in skeletal muscle Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, December 1, 2005; 289(6): E1007 - E1014. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X.-B. Xu, J.-J. Pang, J.-M. Cao, C. Ni, R.-K. Xu, X.-Z. Peng, X.-X. Yu, S. Guo, M.-C. Chen, and C. Chen GH-releasing peptides improve cardiac dysfunction and cachexia and suppress stress-related hormones and cardiomyocyte apoptosis in rats with heart failure Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, October 1, 2005; 289(4): H1643 - H1651. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Suematsu, A. Katsuki, Y. Sumida, E. C Gabazza, S. Murashima, K. Matsumoto, N. Kitagawa, H. Akatsuka, Y. Hori, K. Nakatani, et al. Decreased circulating levels of active ghrelin are associated with increased oxidative stress in obese subjects Eur. J. Endocrinol., September 1, 2005; 153(3): 403 - 407. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. P. Zaloga Ghrelin, Diet, and Pulmonary Function Chest, September 1, 2005; 128(3): 1084 - 1086. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Nagaya, T. Itoh, S. Murakami, H. Oya, M. Uematsu, K. Miyatake, and K. Kangawa Treatment of Cachexia With Ghrelin in Patients With COPD Chest, September 1, 2005; 128(3): 1187 - 1193. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Nagaya, K. Kangawa, T. Itoh, T. Iwase, S. Murakami, Y. Miyahara, T. Fujii, M. Uematsu, H. Ohgushi, M. Yamagishi, et al. Transplantation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improves Cardiac Function in a Rat Model of Dilated Cardiomyopathy Circulation, August 23, 2005; 112(8): 1128 - 1135. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Date, K. Toshinai, S. Koda, M. Miyazato, T. Shimbara, T. Tsuruta, A. Niijima, K. Kangawa, and M. Nakazato Peripheral Interaction of Ghrelin with Cholecystokinin on Feeding Regulation Endocrinology, August 1, 2005; 146(8): 3518 - 3525. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C Dornonville de la Cour, A Lindqvist, E Egecioglu, Y C L Tung, V Surve, C Ohlsson, J-O Jansson, C Erlanson-Albertsson, S L Dickson, and R Hakanson Ghrelin treatment reverses the reduction in weight gain and body fat in gastrectomised mice Gut, July 1, 2005; 54(7): 907 - 913. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Nishi, H. Hiejima, H. Hosoda, H. Kaiya, K. Mori, Y. Fukue, T. Yanase, H. Nawata, K. Kangawa, and M. Kojima Ingested Medium-Chain Fatty Acids Are Directly Utilized for the Acyl Modification of Ghrelin Endocrinology, May 1, 2005; 146(5): 2255 - 2264. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Iwakura, K. Hosoda, C. Son, J. Fujikura, T. Tomita, M. Noguchi, H. Ariyasu, K. Takaya, H. Masuzaki, Y. Ogawa, et al. Analysis of Rat Insulin II Promoter-Ghrelin Transgenic Mice and Rat Glucagon Promoter-Ghrelin Transgenic Mice J. Biol. Chem., April 15, 2005; 280(15): 15247 - 15256. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Kojima and K. Kangawa Ghrelin: Structure and Function Physiol Rev, April 1, 2005; 85(2): 495 - 522. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. G. Smith, L. Betancourt, and Y. Sun Molecular Endocrinology and Physiology of the Aging Central Nervous System Endocr. Rev., April 1, 2005; 26(2): 203 - 250. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Granado, T. Priego, A. I. Martin, M. A. Villanua, and A. Lopez-Calderon Anti-inflammatory effect of the ghrelin agonist growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 (GHRP-2) in arthritic rats Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, March 1, 2005; 288(3): E486 - E492. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Soeki, I. Kishimoto, H. Okumura, T. Tokudome, T. Horio, K. Mori, and K. Kangawa C-type natriuretic peptide, a novel antifibrotic and antihypertrophic agent, prevents cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 15, 2005; 45(4): 608 - 616. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Gauna, P. J. D. Delhanty, L. J. Hofland, J. A. M. J. L. Janssen, F. Broglio, R. J. M. Ross, E. Ghigo, and A. J. van der Lely Ghrelin Stimulates, Whereas Des-Octanoyl Ghrelin Inhibits, Glucose Output by Primary Hepatocytes J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2005; 90(2): 1055 - 1060. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. L. Jeffery, R. P. Duncan, A. H. Yeh, R. A. Jaskolski, D. S. Hammond, A. C. Herington, and L. K. Chopin Expression of the Ghrelin Axis in the Mouse: An Exon 4-Deleted Mouse Proghrelin Variant Encodes a Novel C Terminal Peptide Endocrinology, January 1, 2005; 146(1): 432 - 440. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Nagaya, J. Moriya, Y. Yasumura, M. Uematsu, F. Ono, W. Shimizu, K. Ueno, M. Kitakaze, K. Miyatake, and K. Kangawa Effects of Ghrelin Administration on Left Ventricular Function, Exercise Capacity, and Muscle Wasting in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure Circulation, December 14, 2004; 110(24): 3674 - 3679. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Henriques-Coelho, J. Correia-Pinto, R. Roncon-Albuquerque Jr, M. J. Baptista, A. P. Lourenco, S. M. Oliveira, A. Brandao-Nogueira, A. Teles, J. M. Fortunato, and A. F. Leite-Moreira Endogenous production of ghrelin and beneficial effects of its exogenous administration in monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2004; 287(6): H2885 - H2890. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. J. Pemberton, H. Tokola, Z. Bagi, A. Koller, J. Pontinen, A. Ola, O. Vuolteenaho, I. Szokodi, and H. Ruskoaho Ghrelin induces vasoconstriction in the rat coronary vasculature without altering cardiac peptide secretion Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, October 1, 2004; 287(4): H1522 - H1529. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. S. Kim, C. Y. Yoon, P. G. Jang, Y. J. Park, C. S. Shin, H. S. Park, J. W. Ryu, Y. K. Pak, J. Y. Park, K. U. Lee, et al. The Mitogenic and Antiapoptotic Actions of Ghrelin in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes Mol. Endocrinol., September 1, 2004; 18(9): 2291 - 2301. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. J. van der Lely, M. Tschop, M. L. Heiman, and E. Ghigo Biological, Physiological, Pathophysiological, and Pharmacological Aspects of Ghrelin Endocr. Rev., June 1, 2004; 25(3): 426 - 457. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Pecker Ghrelin in the heart and growth hormone: which is chicken, which is egg? Cardiovasc Res, June 1, 2004; 62(3): 442 - 443. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. J Iglesias, R. Pineiro, M. Blanco, R. Gallego, C. Dieguez, O. Gualillo, J. R Gonzalez-Juanatey, and F. Lago Growth hormone releasing peptide (ghrelin) is synthesized and secreted by cardiomyocytes Cardiovasc Res, June 1, 2004; 62(3): 481 - 488. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. G. Li, D. Gavrila, X. Liu, L. Wang, S. Gunnlaugsson, L. L. Stoll, M. L. McCormick, C. D. Sigmund, C. Tang, and N. L. Weintraub Ghrelin Inhibits Proinflammatory Responses and Nuclear Factor-{kappa}B Activation in Human Endothelial Cells Circulation, May 11, 2004; 109(18): 2221 - 2226. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. Lin, K. Matsumura, M. Fukuhara, S. Kagiyama, K. Fujii, and M. Iida Ghrelin Acts at the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract to Decrease Arterial Pressure in Rats Hypertension, May 1, 2004; 43(5): 977 - 982. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Hataya, T. Akamizu, H. Hosoda, N. Kanamoto, K. Moriyama, K. Kangawa, K. Takaya, and K. Nakao Alterations of Plasma Ghrelin Levels in Rats with Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Wasting Syndrome and Effects of Ghrelin Treatment on the Syndrome Endocrinology, December 1, 2003; 144(12): 5365 - 5371. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. E. Caminos, R. Nogueiras, M. Blanco, L. M. Seoane, S. Bravo, C. V. Alvarez, T. Garcia-Caballero, F. F. Casanueva, and C. Dieguez Cellular Distribution and Regulation of Ghrelin Messenger Ribonucleic Acid in the Rat Pituitary Gland Endocrinology, November 1, 2003; 144(11): 5089 - 5097. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X.-B. Xu, J.-M. Cao, J.-J. Pang, R.-K. Xu, C. Ni, W.-L. Zhu, K. Asotra, M.-C. Chen, and C. Chen The Positive Inotropic and Calcium-Mobilizing Effects of Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptides on Rat Heart Endocrinology, November 1, 2003; 144(11): 5050 - 5057. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y.-T. Shen, J. J. Lynch, R. J. Hargreaves, and R. J. Gould A Growth Hormone Secretagogue Prevents Ischemic-Induced Mortality Independently of the Growth Hormone Pathway in Dogs with Chronic Dilated Cardiomyopathy J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., August 1, 2003; 306(2): 815 - 820. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. E. Caminos, M. Tena-Sempere, F. Gaytan, J. E. Sanchez-Criado, M. L. Barreiro, R. Nogueiras, F. F. Casanueva, E. Aguilar, and C. Dieguez Expression of Ghrelin in the Cyclic and Pregnant Rat Ovary Endocrinology, April 1, 2003; 144(4): 1594 - 1602. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Moller, J. Nygren, T. K. Hansen, H. Orskov, J. Frystyk, and K. S. Nair Splanchnic Release of Ghrelin in Humans J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2003; 88(2): 850 - 852. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. M. Seoane, M. Lopez, S. Tovar, F. F. Casanueva, R. Senaris, and C. Dieguez Agouti-Related Peptide, Neuropeptide Y, and Somatostatin-Producing Neurons Are Targets for Ghrelin Actions in the Rat Hypothalamus Endocrinology, February 1, 2003; 144(2): 544 - 551. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Sibilia, G. Rindi, F. Pagani, D. Rapetti, V. Locatelli, A. Torsello, N. Campanini, R. Deghenghi, and C. Netti Ghrelin Protects Against Ethanol-Induced Gastric Ulcers in Rats: Studies on the Mechanisms of Action Endocrinology, January 1, 2003; 144(1): 353 - 359. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Baldanzi, N. Filigheddu, S. Cutrupi, F. Catapano, S. Bonissoni, A. Fubini, D. Malan, G. Baj, R. Granata, F. Broglio, et al. Ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin inhibit cell death in cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells through ERK1/2 and PI 3-kinase/AKT J. Cell Biol., December 23, 2002; 159(6): 1029 - 1037. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Kaiya, S. van der Geyten, M. Kojima, H. Hosoda, Y. Kitajima, M. Matsumoto, S. Geelissen, V. M. Darras, and K. Kangawa Chicken Ghrelin: Purification, cDNA Cloning, and Biological Activity Endocrinology, September 1, 2002; 143(9): 3454 - 3463. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 V. Bodart, M. Febbraio, A. Demers, N. McNicoll, P. Pohankova, A. Perreault, T. Sejlitz, E. Escher, R.L. Silverstein, D. Lamontagne, et al. CD36 Mediates the Cardiovascular Action of Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptides in the Heart Circ. Res., May 3, 2002; 90(8): 844 - 849. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Nagaya, K. Miyatake, M. Uematsu, H. Oya, W. Shimizu, H. Hosoda, M. Kojima, N. Nakanishi, H. Mori, and K. Kangawa Hemodynamic, Renal, and Hormonal Effects of Ghrelin Infusion in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 2001; 86(12): 5854 - 5859. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Bodart, M. Febbraio, A. Demers, N. McNicoll, P. Pohankova, A. Perreault, T. Sejlitz, E. Escher, R.L. Silverstein, D. Lamontagne, et al. CD36 Mediates the Cardiovascular Action of Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptides in the Heart Circ. Res., May 3, 2002; 90(8): 844 - 849. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|