This Article Free upon publication Full Text Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Grundy, S. M. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Grundy, S. M. Pubmed/NCBI databases Medline Plus Health Information Metabolic Syndrome Related Collections Obesity Type 2 diabetes Other diabetes Glucose intolerance AHA Statements and Guidelines Lipid and lipoprotein metabolism

(Circulation. 2004;109:433-438.)
© 2004 American Heart Association, Inc.

NHLBI/AHA Conference Proceedings

Definition of Metabolic Syndrome

Report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association Conference on Scientific Issues Related to Definition

Scott M. Grundy, MD, PhD; H. Bryan Brewer, Jr, MD; James I. Cleeman, MD; Sidney C. Smith, Jr, MD; Claude Lenfant, MD, for the Conference Participants^*

Key Words: AHA Scientific Statements • metabolic syndrome • cardiovascular diseases • diabetes mellitus • obesity

An extract of the first 250 words of the full text is provided, because this article has no abstract.

The National Cholesterol Education Program’s Adult Treatment Panel III report (ATP III)¹ identified the metabolic syndrome as a multiplex risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) that is deserving of more clinical attention. The cardiovascular community has responded with heightened awareness and interest. ATP III criteria for metabolic syndrome differ somewhat from those of other organizations. Consequently, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, in collaboration with the American Heart Association, convened a conference to examine scientific issues related to definition of the metabolic syndrome. The scientific evidence related to definition was reviewed and considered from several perspectives: (1) major clinical outcomes, (2) metabolic components, (3) pathogenesis, (4) clinical criteria for diagnosis, (5) risk for clinical outcomes, and (6) therapeutic interventions.

Clinical Outcomes of Metabolic Syndrome

ATP III viewed CVD as the primary clinical outcome of metabolic syndrome. Most individuals who develop CVD have multiple risk factors. In 1988, Reaven² noted that several risk factors (eg, dyslipidemia, hypertension, hyperglycemia) commonly cluster together. This clustering he called Syndrome X, and he recognized it as a multiplex risk factor for CVD. Reaven and subsequently others postulated that insulin resistance underlies Syndrome X (hence the commonly used term insulin resistance syndrome). Other researchers use the term metabolic syndrome for this clustering of metabolic risk factors. ATP III used this alternative term. It avoids the implication that insulin resistance is the primary or only cause of associated risk factors. Although ATP III identified CVD as the primary clinical outcome of the metabolic syndrome, most people with this syndrome . . . [Full Text of this Article]

This article has been cited by other articles:

				M. Cesari, E. Marzetti, A. Laudisio, L. Antonica, M. Pahor, R. Bernabei, and G. Zuccala Interaction of HDL cholesterol concentrations on the relationship between physical function and inflammation in community-dwelling older persons Age Ageing, January 1, 2010; 39(1): 74 - 80. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Laudisio, E. Marzetti, F. Pagano, G. Pozzi, R. Bernabei, and G. Zuccala Depressive Symptoms and Metabolic Syndrome: Selective Association in Older Women J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol, December 1, 2009; 22(4): 215 - 222. [Abstract] [PDF]

				M. N Woods, C. A Wanke, P.-R. Ling, K. M Hendricks, A. M Tang, T. A Knox, C. E Andersson, K. R Dong, S. C Skinner, and B. R Bistrian Effect of a dietary intervention and n-3 fatty acid supplementation on measures of serum lipid and insulin sensitivity in persons with HIV Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, December 1, 2009; 90(6): 1566 - 1578. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Sung, K. Lee, and Y.-M. Song Heritabilities of the Metabolic Syndrome Phenotypes and Related Factors in Korean Twins J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 2009; 94(12): 4946 - 4952. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Sell, J. Laurencikiene, A. Taube, K. Eckardt, A. Cramer, A. Horrighs, P. Arner, and J. Eckel Chemerin Is a Novel Adipocyte-Derived Factor Inducing Insulin Resistance in Primary Human Skeletal Muscle Cells Diabetes, December 1, 2009; 58(12): 2731 - 2740. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y.-S. Tsai, L. Xu, O. Smithies, and N. Maeda Genetic variations in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor {gamma} expression affect blood pressure PNAS, November 10, 2009; 106(45): 19084 - 19089. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. D. Sears, G. Hsiao, A. Hsiao, J. G. Yu, C. H. Courtney, J. M. Ofrecio, J. Chapman, and S. Subramaniam Mechanisms of human insulin resistance and thiazolidinedione-mediated insulin sensitization PNAS, November 3, 2009; 106(44): 18745 - 18750. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Krishnan Hyperuricemia and Incident Heart Failure Circ Heart Fail, November 1, 2009; 2(6): 556 - 562. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Colao, C. Di Somma, S. Savastano, F. Rota, M. C. Savanelli, G. Aimaretti, and G. Lombardi A Reappraisal of Diagnosing GH Deficiency in Adults: Role of Gender, Age, Waist Circumference, and Body Mass Index J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2009; 94(11): 4414 - 4422. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. E. Heufelder, F. Saad, M. C. Bunck, and L. Gooren Fifty-two-Week Treatment With Diet and Exercise Plus Transdermal Testosterone Reverses the Metabolic Syndrome and Improves Glycemic Control in Men With Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes and Subnormal Plasma Testosterone J Androl, November 1, 2009; 30(6): 726 - 733. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V Bellomio, A Spindler, E Lucero, A Berman, R Sueldo, H Berman, M Santana, M. Molina, V Gongora, G Cassano, et al. Metabolic syndrome in Argentinean patients with systemic lupus erythematosus Lupus, October 1, 2009; 18(11): 1019 - 1025. [Abstract] [PDF]

				R. Donovan, T. Nelson, J. Peel, T. Lipsey, W. Voyles, and R. G. Israel Cardiorespiratory fitness and the metabolic syndrome in firefighters Occup. Med., October 1, 2009; 59(7): 487 - 492. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. Kesoi, B. Sagi, T. Vas, T. Kovacs, I. Wittmann, and J. Nagy Heart rate recovery after exercise is associated with renal function in patients with a homogenous chronic renal disease Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., September 25, 2009; (2009) gfp504v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Koskinen, M. Kahonen, J. S.A. Viikari, L. Taittonen, T. Laitinen, T. Ronnemaa, T. Lehtimaki, N. Hutri-Kahonen, M. Pietikainen, E. Jokinen, et al. Conventional Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Metabolic Syndrome in Predicting Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Progression in Young Adults: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study Circulation, July 21, 2009; 120(3): 229 - 236. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Suganami, X. Yuan, Y. Shimoda, K. Uchio-Yamada, N. Nakagawa, I. Shirakawa, T. Usami, T. Tsukahara, K. Nakayama, Y. Miyamoto, et al. Activating Transcription Factor 3 Constitutes a Negative Feedback Mechanism That Attenuates Saturated Fatty Acid/Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signaling and Macrophage Activation in Obese Adipose Tissue Circ. Res., July 2, 2009; 105(1): 25 - 32. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. A. Jackson and V. McLaughlin The Metabolic Syndrome and Pulmonary Vascular Disease Chest, July 1, 2009; 136(1): 3 - 4. [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. L. Tellechea, F. Aranguren, M. T. Martinez-Larrad, M. Serrano-Rios, M. J. Taverna, and G. D. Frechtel Ability of Lipid Accumulation Product to Identify Metabolic Syndrome in Healthy Men From Buenos Aires Diabetes Care, July 1, 2009; 32(7): e85 - e85. [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. M. Robbins, J. H. Newman, R. F. Johnson, A. R. Hemnes, R. D. Fremont, R. N. Piana, D. X. Zhao, and D. W. Byrne Association of the Metabolic Syndrome With Pulmonary Venous Hypertension Chest, July 1, 2009; 136(1): 31 - 36. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				U. Saleem, M. Khaleghi, N. G. Morgenthaler, A. Bergmann, J. Struck, T. H. Mosley Jr., and I. J. Kullo Plasma Carboxy-Terminal Provasopressin (Copeptin): A Novel Marker of Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Syndrome J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2009; 94(7): 2558 - 2564. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. M. Breen, K. K. Chan, J. K. Dhaliwall, M. R. Ward, N. Al Koudsi, L. Lam, M. De Souza, H. Ghanim, P. Dandona, D. J. Stewart, et al. Insulin Increases Reendothelialization and Inhibits Cell Migration and Neointimal Growth After Arterial Injury Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, July 1, 2009; 29(7): 1060 - 1066. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Hujoel Dietary Carbohydrates and Dental-Systemic Diseases Journal of Dental Research, June 1, 2009; 88(6): 490 - 502. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. A. Irving, J. Y. Weltman, J. T. Patrie, C. K. Davis, D. W. Brock, D. Swift, E. J. Barrett, G. A. Gaesser, and A. Weltman Effects of Exercise Training Intensity on Nocturnal Growth Hormone Secretion in Obese Adults with the Metabolic Syndrome J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2009; 94(6): 1979 - 1986. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Bullon, J.M. Morillo, M.C. Ramirez-Tortosa, J.L. Quiles, H.N. Newman, and M. Battino Metabolic Syndrome and Periodontitis: Is Oxidative Stress a Common Link? Journal of Dental Research, June 1, 2009; 88(6): 503 - 518. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. M. Catalano, L. Presley, J. Minium, and S. Hauguel-de Mouzon Fetuses of Obese Mothers Develop Insulin Resistance in Utero Diabetes Care, June 1, 2009; 32(6): 1076 - 1080. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. T. Wright Jr, J. L. Probstfield, W. C. Cushman, S. L. Pressel, J. A. Cutler, B. R. Davis, P. T. Einhorn, M. Rahman, P. K. Whelton, C. E. Ford, et al. ALLHAT Findings Revisited in the Context of Subsequent Analyses, Other Trials, and Meta-analyses Arch Intern Med, May 11, 2009; 169(9): 832 - 842. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. Sluijs, J. W. J. Beulens, D. E. Grobbee, and Y. T. van der Schouw Dietary Carotenoid Intake Is Associated with Lower Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Middle-Aged and Elderly Men J. Nutr., May 1, 2009; 139(5): 987 - 992. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. van der Kaay, C. Deal, S. de Kort, R. Willemsen, R. Leunissen, W. Ester, J. Paquette, J. van Doorn, and A. Hokken-Koelega Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Binding Protein-1: Serum Levels, Promoter Polymorphism, and Associations with Components of the Metabolic Syndrome in Short Subjects Born Small for Gestational Age J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2009; 94(4): 1386 - 1392. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. N Woods, C. A Wanke, P.-R. Ling, K. M Hendricks, A. M Tang, C. E Andersson, K. R Dong, H. M. Sheehan, and B. R Bistrian Metabolic syndrome and serum fatty acid patterns in serum phospholipids in hypertriglyceridemic persons with human immunodeficiency virus Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, April 1, 2009; 89(4): 1180 - 1187. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. L. Ashbeck, E. T. Jacobs, M. E. Martinez, E. W. Gerner, P. Lance, and P. A. Thompson Components of Metabolic Syndrome and Metachronous Colorectal Neoplasia Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., April 1, 2009; 18(4): 1134 - 1143. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Wada, S. Ohshima, E. Fujisawa, D. Koya, H. Tsuneki, and T. Sasaoka Aldosterone Inhibits Insulin-Induced Glucose Uptake by Degradation of Insulin Receptor Substrate (IRS) 1 and IRS2 via a Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated Pathway in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes Endocrinology, April 1, 2009; 150(4): 1662 - 1669. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C.-Y. Lin, P.-C. Chen, Y.-C. Lin, and L.-Y. Lin Association Among Serum Perfluoroalkyl Chemicals, Glucose Homeostasis, and Metabolic Syndrome in Adolescents and Adults Diabetes Care, April 1, 2009; 32(4): 702 - 707. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Rerkpattanapipat, R. B. D'Agostino Jr, K. M. Link, E. Shahar, J. A. Lima, D. A. Bluemke, S. Sinha, D. M. Herrington, and W. G. Hundley Location of Arterial Stiffening Differs in Those With Impaired Fasting Glucose Versus Diabetes: Implications for Left Ventricular Hypertrophy From the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis Diabetes, April 1, 2009; 58(4): 946 - 953. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Matrozova, O. Steichen, L. Amar, S. Zacharieva, X. Jeunemaitre, and P.-F. Plouin Fasting Plasma Glucose and Serum Lipids in Patients With Primary Aldosteronism: A Controlled Cross-Sectional Study Hypertension, April 1, 2009; 53(4): 605 - 610. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A.J. Goverde, A.J.B. van Koert, M.J. Eijkemans, E.A.H. Knauff, H.E. Westerveld, B.C.J.M. Fauser, and F.J. Broekmans Indicators for metabolic disturbances in anovulatory women with polycystic ovary syndrome diagnosed according to the Rotterdam consensus criteria Hum. Reprod., March 1, 2009; 24(3): 710 - 717. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J.-P. Despres, R. Ross, G. Boka, N. Almeras, I. Lemieux, and for the ADAGIO-Lipids Investigators Effect of Rimonabant on the High-Triglyceride/ Low-HDL-Cholesterol Dyslipidemia, Intraabdominal Adiposity, and Liver Fat: The ADAGIO-Lipids Trial Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, March 1, 2009; 29(3): 416 - 423. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. E. Choi The Not-so-Sweet Side of Fructose J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., March 1, 2009; 20(3): 457 - 459. [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Sung, Y.-M. Song, S. Ebrahim, and D. A. Lawlor Fasting Blood Glucose and the Risk of Stroke and Myocardial Infarction Circulation, February 17, 2009; 119(6): 812 - 819. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A Stavropoulos-Kalinoglou, G S Metsios, V F Panoulas, K M J Douglas, A M Nevill, A Z Jamurtas, M Kita, Y Koutedakis, and G D Kitas Associations of obesity with modifiable risk factors for the development of cardiovascular disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis Ann Rheum Dis, February 1, 2009; 68(2): 242 - 245. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				WRITING GROUP MEMBERS, D. Lloyd-Jones, R. Adams, M. Carnethon, G. De Simone, T. B. Ferguson, K. Flegal, E. Ford, K. Furie, A. Go, et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics--2009 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee Circulation, January 27, 2009; 119(3): e21 - e181. [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Tsimikas, J. Willeit, M. Knoflach, M. Mayr, G. Egger, M. Notdurfter, J. L. Witztum, C. J. Wiedermann, Q. Xu, and S. Kiechl Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 activity, ferritin levels, metabolic syndrome, and 10-year cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular mortality: results from the Bruneck study Eur. Heart J., January 1, 2009; 30(1): 107 - 115. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Z. Mallat, T. Simon, J. Benessiano, K. Clement, S. Taleb, N. J. Wareham, R. Luben, K.-T. Khaw, A. Tedgui, and S. M. Boekholdt Retinol-Binding Protein 4 and Prediction of Incident Coronary Events in Healthy Men and Women J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2009; 94(1): 255 - 260. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				O. P. Flint, M. A. Noor, P. W. Hruz, P. B. Hylemon, K. Yarasheski, D. P. Kotler, R. A. Parker, and A. Bellamine The Role of Protease Inhibitors in the Pathogenesis of HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy: Cellular Mechanisms and Clinical Implications Toxicol Pathol, January 1, 2009; 37(1): 65 - 77. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. Cosentino, L. Rydén, P. Francia, and L. G. Mellbin CHAPTER 14 Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Syndrome ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, January 1, 2009; 2(1): med-9780199566990-chapter - med-9780199566990-chapter. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. D Fan, B.-S. Maslow, N. Santoro, and E. Schoenbaum HIV and the menopause Menopause Int, December 1, 2008; 14(4): 163 - 168. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F M E Franssen, D E O'Donnell, G H Goossens, E E Blaak, and A M W J Schols Obesity and the lung: 5 {middle dot} Obesity and COPD Thorax, December 1, 2008; 63(12): 1110 - 1117. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Tamura, M. Sugimoto, T. Murayama, Y. Ueda, H. Kanamori, K. Ono, H. Ariyasu, T. Akamizu, T. Kita, M. Yokode, et al. Inhibition of CCR2 Ameliorates Insulin Resistance and Hepatic Steatosis in db/db Mice Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, December 1, 2008; 28(12): 2195 - 2201. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Bye, M. A. Hoydal, D. Catalucci, M. Langaas, O. J. Kemi, V. Beisvag, L. G. Koch, S. L. Britton, O. Ellingsen, and U. Wisloff Gene expression profiling of skeletal muscle in exercise-trained and sedentary rats with inborn high and low VO2max Physiol Genomics, November 12, 2008; 35(3): 213 - 221. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. Mathew, L. Francis, A. Kayalar, and J. Cone Obesity: Effects on Cardiovascular Disease and its Diagnosis J Am Board Fam Med, November 1, 2008; 21(6): 562 - 568. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. M Title, E. Lonn, F. Charbonneau, M. Fung, K. J Mather, S. Verma, and T. J Anderson Relationship between brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation, hyperemic shear stress, and the metabolic syndrome Vascular Medicine, November 1, 2008; 13(4): 263 - 270. [Abstract] [PDF]

				B. Kirkpatrick, E. Messias, P. D. Harvey, E. Fernandez-Egea, and C. R. Bowie Is Schizophrenia a Syndrome of Accelerated Aging? Schizophr Bull, November 1, 2008; 34(6): 1024 - 1032. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. B Lemke, A. B Rogers, P. R Nambiar, and J. G Fox Obesity and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Swiss-Webster mice associated with late-onset hepatocellular carcinoma J. Endocrinol., October 1, 2008; 199(1): 21 - 32. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. K. Choi, M. A. De Vera, and E. Krishnan Gout and the risk of type 2 diabetes among men with a high cardiovascular risk profile Rheumatology, October 1, 2008; 47(10): 1567 - 1570. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Tiffin, I. Okpechi, C. Perez-Iratxeta, M. A. Andrade-Navarro, and R. Ramesar Prioritization of candidate disease genes for metabolic syndrome by computational analysis of its defining phenotypes Physiol Genomics, September 17, 2008; 35(1): 55 - 64. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Sabio, M Zamora-Pasadas, J Jimenez-Jaimez, F Albadalejo, J Vargas-Hitos, M. Rodriguez del Aguila, C Hidalgo-Tenorio, M. Gonzalez-Gay, and J. Alonso Metabolic syndrome in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus from Southern Spain Lupus, September 1, 2008; 17(9): 849 - 859. [Abstract] [PDF]

				E. S. Ford, C. Li, and N. Sattar Metabolic Syndrome and Incident Diabetes: Current state of the evidence Diabetes Care, September 1, 2008; 31(9): 1898 - 1904. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. Janssen, L. H. Powell, S. Crawford, B. Lasley, and K. Sutton-Tyrrell Menopause and the Metabolic Syndrome: The Study of Women's Health Across the Nation Arch Intern Med, July 28, 2008; 168(14): 1568 - 1575. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. E. Tjonna, S. J. Lee, O. Rognmo, T. O. Stolen, A. Bye, P. M. Haram, J. P. Loennechen, Q. Y. Al-Share, E. Skogvoll, S. A. Slordahl, et al. Aerobic Interval Training Versus Continuous Moderate Exercise as a Treatment for the Metabolic Syndrome: A Pilot Study Circulation, July 22, 2008; 118(4): 346 - 354. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. B. Schwimmer, P. E. Pardee, J. E. Lavine, A. K. Blumkin, and S. Cook Cardiovascular Risk Factors and the Metabolic Syndrome in Pediatric Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Circulation, July 15, 2008; 118(3): 277 - 283. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J.-P. Despres, I. Lemieux, J. Bergeron, P. Pibarot, P. Mathieu, E. Larose, J. Rodes-Cabau, O. F. Bertrand, and P. Poirier Abdominal Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome: Contribution to Global Cardiometabolic Risk Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, June 1, 2008; 28(6): 1039 - 1049. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Bahrami, D. A. Bluemke, R. Kronmal, A. G. Bertoni, D. M. Lloyd-Jones, E. Shahar, M. Szklo, and J. A.C. Lima Novel Metabolic Risk Factors for Incident Heart Failure and Their Relationship With Obesity: The MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis) Study J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 6, 2008; 51(18): 1775 - 1783. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. A Dale, L. H Jensen, and M. J Krantz Comparison of Two Point-of-Care Lipid Analyzers for Use in Global Cardiovascular Risk Assessments Ann. Pharmacother., May 1, 2008; 42(5): 633 - 639. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. J. Wood, L. W. Powell, and G. A. Ramm Environmental and genetic modifiers of the progression to fibrosis and cirrhosis in hemochromatosis Blood, May 1, 2008; 111(9): 4456 - 4462. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. M. Janiszewski, T. J. Saunders, and R. Ross Themed Review: Lifestyle Treatment of the Metabolic Syndrome American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, April 1, 2008; 2(2): 99 - 108. [Abstract] [PDF]

				W. S. Fenton and M. R. Chavez Medication-Induced Weight Gain and Dyslipidemia in Patients With Schizophrenia Focus, April 1, 2008; 6(2): 246 - 253. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. R. Bloom, F. P. Kuhajda, I. Laher, X. Pi-Sunyer, G. V. Ronnett, T. M.M. Tan, and D. S. Weigle The Obesity Epidemic: Pharmacological Challenges Mol. Interv., April 1, 2008; 8(2): 82 - 98. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. You, B. J. Nicklas, J. Ding, B. W. J. H. Penninx, B. H. Goodpaster, D. C. Bauer, F. A. Tylavsky, T. B. Harris, S. B. Kritchevsky, and for the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study The Metabolic Syndrome Is Associated With Circulating Adipokines in Older Adults Across a Wide Range of Adiposity J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., April 1, 2008; 63(4): 414 - 419. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. C.E. Rossi, A. Nicolucci, F. Pellegrini, M. Comaschi, A. Ceriello, D. Cucinotta, C. Giorda, U. Valentini, G. Vespasiani, and S. De Cosmo Identifying patients with type 2 diabetes at high risk of microalbuminuria: results of the DEMAND (Developing Education on Microalbuminuria for Awareness of reNal and cardiovascular risk in Diabetes) Study Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., April 1, 2008; 23(4): 1278 - 1284. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. J. Melanson Nutrition Review: Diet and Metabolic Syndrome American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, April 1, 2008; 2(2): 113 - 117. [Abstract] [PDF]

				J. R. Churilla and R. F. Zoeller Jr Physical Activity: Physical Activity and the Metabolic Syndrome: A Review of the Evidence American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, April 1, 2008; 2(2): 118 - 125. [Abstract] [PDF]

				S. Gilibert, A. E. Kwitek, N. Hubner, M. Tschannen, H. J. Jacob, J. Sassard, and A. Bataillard Effects of chromosome 17 on features of the metabolic syndrome in the Lyon hypertensive rat Physiol Genomics, April 1, 2008; 33(2): 212 - 217. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Jackson Gender differences in cardiovascular disease prevention Menopause Int, March 1, 2008; 14(1): 13 - 17. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Tabara, H. Osawa, R. Kawamoto, R. Tachibana-Iimori, M. Yamamoto, J. Nakura, T. Miki, H. Makino, and K. Kohara Reduced High-Molecular-Weight Adiponectin and Elevated High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Are Synergistic Risk Factors for Metabolic Syndrome in a Large-Scale Middle-Aged to Elderly Population: the Shimanami Health Promoting Program Study J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2008; 93(3): 715 - 722. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J.-P. Despres, P. Poirier, J. Bergeron, A. Tremblay, I. Lemieux, and N. Almeras From individual risk factors and the metabolic syndrome to global cardiometabolic risk Eur. Heart J. Suppl., March 1, 2008; 10(suppl_B): B24 - B33. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. de Wilde, R. Mohren, S. van den Berg, M. Boekschoten, K. W.-V. Dijk, P. de Groot, M. Muller, E. Mariman, and E. Smit Short-term high fat-feeding results in morphological and metabolic adaptations in the skeletal muscle of C57BL/6J mice Physiol Genomics, February 19, 2008; 32(3): 360 - 369. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Samaras Metabolic consequences and therapeutic options in highly active antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection J. Antimicrob. Chemother., February 1, 2008; 61(2): 238 - 245. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. D Owens, K. J Ho, and M. S Conte Lower extremity vein graft failure: a translational approach Vascular Medicine, February 1, 2008; 13(1): 63 - 74. [Abstract] [PDF]

				H. R. Black, B. Davis, J. Barzilay, C. Nwachuku, C. Baimbridge, H. Marginean, J. T. Wright Jr., J. Basile, N. D. Wong, P. Whelton, et al. Metabolic and Clinical Outcomes in Nondiabetic Individuals With the Metabolic Syndrome Assigned to Chlorthalidone, Amlodipine, or Lisinopril as Initial Treatment for Hypertension: A report from the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) Diabetes Care, February 1, 2008; 31(2): 353 - 360. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. H. S. Santos, L. R. Fernandes, E. G. Mario, A. V. M. Ferreira, L. C. J. Porto, J. I. Alvarez-Leite, L. M. Botion, M. Bader, N. Alenina, and R. A. S. Santos Mas Deficiency in FVB/N Mice Produces Marked Changes in Lipid and Glycemic Metabolism Diabetes, February 1, 2008; 57(2): 340 - 347. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. T. Wright Jr, S. Harris-Haywood, S. Pressel, J. Barzilay, C. Baimbridge, C. J. Bareis, J. N. Basile, H. R. Black, R. Dart, A. K. Gupta, et al. Clinical Outcomes by Race in Hypertensive Patients With and Without the Metabolic Syndrome: Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) Arch Intern Med, January 28, 2008; 168(2): 207 - 217. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. P F Dullaart, A. K Groen, G. M Dallinga-Thie, R. de Vries, W. J Sluiter, and A. van Tol Fibroblast cholesterol efflux to plasma from metabolic syndrome subjects is not defective despite low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol Eur. J. Endocrinol., January 1, 2008; 158(1): 53 - 60. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. A. Allan, B. J. G. Strauss, H. G. Burger, E. A. Forbes, and R. I. McLachlan Testosterone Therapy Prevents Gain in Visceral Adipose Tissue and Loss of Skeletal Muscle in Nonobese Aging Men J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2008; 93(1): 139 - 146. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Natal, M. A. Fortuno, P. Restituto, A. Bazan, I. Colina, J. Diez, and N. Varo Cardiotrophin-1 is expressed in adipose tissue and upregulated in the metabolic syndrome Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, January 1, 2008; 294(1): E52 - E60. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A.-C. Santos and H. Barros Impact of metabolic syndrome definitions on prevalence estimates: a study in a Portuguese community Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research, December 1, 2007; 4(4): 320 - 327. [Abstract] [PDF]

				J. S. Lee, K. Kawakubo, K. Mori, and A. Akabayashi Effective cut-off values of waist circumference to detect the clustering of cardiovascular risk factors of metabolic syndrome in Japanese men and women Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research, December 1, 2007; 4(4): 340 - 345. [Abstract] [PDF]

				C. A. Cull, C. C. Jensen, R. Retnakaran, and R. R. Holman Impact of the Metabolic Syndrome on Macrovascular and Microvascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study 78 Circulation, November 6, 2007; 116(19): 2119 - 2126. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. R. E. Barnes, C. Paton, M.-R. Cavanagh, E. Hancock, D. M. Taylor, and on behalf of the UK Prescribing Observatory for Me A UK Audit of Screening for the Metabolic Side Effects of Antipsychotics in Community Patients Schizophr Bull, November 1, 2007; 33(6): 1397 - 1403. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Arai, H. Masuzaki, T. Tanaka, T. Ishii, S. Yasue, N. Kobayashi, T. Tomita, M. Noguchi, T. Kusakabe, J. Fujikura, et al. Ceramide and Adenosine 5'-Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase Are Two Novel Regulators of 11{beta}-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 Expression and Activity in Cultured Preadipocytes Endocrinology, November 1, 2007; 148(11): 5268 - 5277. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. G. Bertoni, N. D. Wong, S. Shea, S. Ma, K. Liu, S. Preethi, D. R. Jacobs Jr, C. Wu, M. F. Saad, and M. Szklo Insulin Resistance, Metabolic Syndrome, and Subclinical Atherosclerosis: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) Diabetes Care, November 1, 2007; 30(11): 2951 - 2956. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]