(Circulation. 1996;94:398-406.)
© 1996 American Heart Association, Inc.
Articles |
Activation and Entrainment Mapping Defines the Tricuspid Annulus as the Anterior Barrier in Typical Atrial Flutter
the Section of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco.
Correspondence to Michael D. Lesh, MD, Section of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Department of Medicine and the Cardiovascular Institute, University of California, San Francisco, 500 Parnassus Ave, Room MU 428, Box 1354, San Francisco, CA 94143-1354 (E-mail lesh@ep4.uscf.edu) or to Jonathan M. Kalman, MBBS, PhD, Department of Cardiology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Grattan St Parkville, 3050 Melbourne, Australia.
Background The importance of anatomic barriers in the atrial flutter reentry circuit has been well demonstrated in canine models. It has been shown previously that the crista terminalis and its continuation as the eustachian ridge form a posterior barrier. In this study we tested the hypothesis that the tricuspid annulus forms the continuous anterior barrier to the flutter circuit.
Methods and Results Thirteen patients with typical atrial flutter were studied. A 20-pole halo catheter was situated around the tricuspid annulus. A mapping catheter was used for activation and entrainment mapping from seven sequential sites around the tricuspid annulus and from three additional sites including the tip of the right atrial appendage, at the fossa ovalis, and in the distal coronary sinus. Sites were considered to be within the circuit when the postpacing interval minus the flutter cycle length and the stimulus time minus the activation time were 
10 ms; sites were considered to be outside the circuit when these intervals were >10 ms. All seven annular sites were within the circuit; activation occurred sequentially around the annulus and accounted for 100% of the flutter cycle length. The fossa ovalis, the distal coronary sinus, and the right atrial appendage were outside the circuit.
Conclusions Closely spaced sites around the tricuspid annulus are activated sequentially, and are all within the flutter circuit according to entrainment criteria. This demonstrates that the tricuspid annulus constitutes a continuous anterior barrier constraining the reentrant wave front of human counterclockwise atrial flutter.
Key Words: atrial flutter • catheter ablation • arrhythmia • atrium • reentry • mapping
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