| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Correspondence to David J. Moliterno, MD, Department of Cardiology, F-25, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195. E-mail molited{at}cesmtp.ccf.org
Background—Unstable angina and
non–Q-wave myocardial infarction involve coronary
arterial plaque rupture, platelet activation, and
thrombus formation. This study tested the benefit of different doses of
lamifiban (a platelet IIb/IIIa antagonist) alone and in
combination with heparin in patients with these conditions to select
the most promising lamifiban regimen for subsequent
evaluation.
Methods and Results—At 273 hospitals in 20 countries, 2282
patients were randomly assigned to lamifiban (2x2 factorial design:
low-dose [1 µg/min] with and without heparin versus high-dose [5
µg/min] with and without heparin) or to standard therapy (placebo
and heparin). All patients received aspirin. The composite primary end
point of death or nonfatal myocardial infarction at 30 days occurred in
11.7% of those receiving standard therapy, 10.6% receiving low-dose
lamifiban, and 12.0% receiving high-dose lamifiban
(P=0.668). By 6 months, this composite was lowest for
those assigned to low-dose lamifiban (P=0.027) and
intermediate for those assigned to high-dose lamifiban
(P=0.450) compared with control (13.7%, 16.4%, and
17.9%, respectively). Compared with control, the combination of
high-dose lamifiban and heparin resulted in more intermediate or major
bleeding (12.1% versus 5.5%; P=0.002) and a similar
rate of ischemic events. Conversely, low-dose lamifiban and
heparin yielded similar bleeding rates as in the control group but
fewer ischemic events at 6 months (12.6% versus 17.9%;
P=0.025).
Conclusions—In unstable angina and non–Q-wave infarction,
platelet IIb/IIIa antagonism with lamifiban reduces adverse
ischemic events at 6 months beyond that of aspirin and heparin
therapy. The role of conjunctive heparin remains uncertain but appears
more favorable with low-dose IIb/IIIa antagonism. Larger-scale study is
needed to more reliably estimate these effects.
© 1998 American Heart Association, Inc.
Clinical Investigation and Reports
International, Randomized, Controlled Trial of Lamifiban (a Platelet Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitor), Heparin, or Both in Unstable Angina
Key Words: angina • myocardial infarction • platelet aggregation inhibitors • heparin
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  R D Lopes, K S Pieper, J R Horton, S M Al-Khatib, L K Newby, R H Mehta, F Van de Werf, P W Armstrong, K W Mahaffey, R A Harrington, et al. Short- and long-term outcomes following atrial fibrillation in patients with acute coronary syndromes with or without ST-segment elevation Heart, July 1, 2008; 94(7): 867 - 873. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. Feit, S. V. Manoukian, R. Ebrahimi, C. V. Pollack, E. M. Ohman, M. J. Attubato, R. Mehran, and G. W. Stone Safety and Efficacy of Bivalirudin Monotherapy in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus and Acute Coronary Syndromes: A Report From the ACUITY (Acute Catheterization and Urgent Intervention Triage Strategy) Trial J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 29, 2008; 51(17): 1645 - 1652. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. L. Anderson, C. D. Adams, E. M. Antman, C. R. Bridges, R. M. Califf, D. E. Casey Jr, W. E. Chavey II, F. M. Fesmire, J. S. Hochman, T. N. Levin, et al. ACC/AHA 2007 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction) Developed in Collaboration with the American College of Emergency Physicians, the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation and the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 14, 2007; 50(7): e1 - e157. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. L. Anderson, C. D. Adams, E. M. Antman, C. R. Bridges, R. M. Califf, D. E. Casey Jr, W. E. Chavey II, F. M. Fesmire, J. S. Hochman, T. N. Levin, et al. ACC/AHA 2007 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction) Developed in Collaboration with the American College of Emergency Physicians, the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation and the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 14, 2007; 50(7): 652 - 726. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. P. Alexander, L. K. Newby, C. P. Cannon, P. W. Armstrong, W. B. Gibler, M. W. Rich, F. Van de Werf, H. D. White, W. D. Weaver, M. D. Naylor, et al. Acute Coronary Care in the Elderly, Part I: Non-ST-Segment-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes: A Scientific Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology: In Collaboration With the Society of Geriatric Cardiology Circulation, May 15, 2007; 115(19): 2549 - 2569. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. V Hernandez, C. M Westerhout, E. W Steyerberg, J. P A Ioannidis, H. Bueno, H. White, P. Theroux, D. J Moliterno, P. W Armstrong, R. M Califf, et al. Effects of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blockers in non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: benefit and harm in different age subgroups Heart, April 1, 2007; 93(4): 450 - 455. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. J. Dzau, E. M. Antman, H. R. Black, D. L. Hayes, J. E. Manson, J. Plutzky, J. J. Popma, and W. Stevenson The Cardiovascular Disease Continuum Validated: Clinical Evidence of Improved Patient Outcomes: Part II: Clinical Trial Evidence (Acute Coronary Syndromes Through Renal Disease) and Future Directions Circulation, December 19, 2006; 114(25): 2871 - 2891. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. E. Bertrand and E. Van Belle Triple antiplatelet treatment in patients presenting with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes Eur. Heart J. Suppl., October 1, 2006; 8(suppl_G): G59 - G63. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P Kaul, L K Newby, Y Fu, D B Mark, S G Goodman, G S Wagner, R A Harrington, C B Granger, F Van de Werf, E M Ohman, et al. Relation between baseline risk and treatment decisions in non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes: an examination of international practice patterns Heart, July 1, 2005; 91(7): 876 - 881. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Authors/Task Force Members, S. Silber, P. Albertsson, F. F. Aviles, P. G. Camici, A. Colombo, C. Hamm, E. Jorgensen, J. Marco, J.-E. Nordrehaug, et al. Guidelines for Percutaneous Coronary Interventions: The Task Force for Percutaneous Coronary Interventions of the European Society of Cardiology Eur. Heart J., April 2, 2005; 26(8): 804 - 847. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.P. Ottervanger, P. Armstrong, E.S. Barnathan, E. Boersma, J.S. Cooper, E.M. Ohman, S. James, L. Wallentin, M.L. Simoons, and For the GUSTO IV-ACS Investigators Association of revascularisation with low mortality in non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome, a report from GUSTO IV-ACS Eur. Heart J., September 1, 2004; 25(17): 1494 - 1501. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. A. Harrington, R. C. Becker, M. Ezekowitz, T. W. Meade, C. M. O'Connor, D. A. Vorchheimer, and G. H. Guyatt Antithrombotic Therapy for Coronary Artery Disease: The Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy Chest, September 1, 2004; 126(3_suppl): 513S - 548S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M W H Behan and R F Storey Antiplatelet therapy in cardiovascular disease Postgrad. Med. J., March 1, 2004; 80(941): 155 - 164. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Okamatsu, M. Takano, S. Sakai, F. Ishibashi, R. Uemura, T. Takano, and K. Mizuno Elevated Troponin T Levels and Lesion Characteristics in Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes Circulation, February 3, 2004; 109(4): 465 - 470. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M.T. Roe, K.W. Mahaffey, R. Kilaru, J.H. Alexander, K.M. Akkerhuis, M.L. Simoons, R.A. Harrington, B.E. Tardiff, C.B. Granger, E.M. Ohman, et al. Creatine kinase-MB elevation after percutaneous coronary intervention predicts adverse outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndromes Eur. Heart J., February 2, 2004; 25(4): 313 - 321. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 U. N. Khot, G. Jia, D. J. Moliterno, A. M. Lincoff, M. B. Khot, R. A. Harrington, and E. J. Topol Prognostic Importance of Physical Examination for Heart Failure in Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes: The Enduring Value of Killip Classification JAMA, October 22, 2003; 290(16): 2174 - 2181. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Prasad, V. Mathew, D. R Holmes Jr., and B. J Gersh Current management of non-ST-segment-elevation acute coronary syndrome: reconciling the results of randomized controlled trials Eur. Heart J., September 1, 2003; 24(17): 1544 - 1553. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
U. N. Khot, M. B. Khot, C. T. Bajzer, S. K. Sapp, E. M. Ohman, S. J. Brener, S. G. Ellis, A. M. Lincoff, and E. J. Topol Prevalence of Conventional Risk Factors in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease JAMA, August 20, 2003; 290(7): 898 - 904. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. A Crouch, J. M Nappi, and K. I Cheang Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Receptor Inhibitors in Percutaneous Coronary Intervention and Acute Coronary Syndrome Ann. Pharmacother., June 1, 2003; 37(6): 860 - 875. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. A. McAlister, S. E. Straus, D. L. Sackett, and D. G. Altman Analysis and Reporting of Factorial Trials: A Systematic Review JAMA, May 21, 2003; 289(19): 2545 - 2553. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J Thambyrajah and M.A De Belder Management of non ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes--continuing the search for the bad guys Eur. Heart J., March 2, 2003; 24(6): 490 - 493. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. J. Moliterno and A. W. Chan Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition in early intent-to-stent treatment of acute coronary syndromes: EPISTENT, ADMIRAL, CADILLAC, and TARGET J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 19, 2003; 41(4_Suppl_S): 49S - 54S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. E. Boden "Routine invasive" versus "selective invasive" approaches to non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes management in the post-stent/platelet inhibition era J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 19, 2003; 41(4_Suppl_S): 113S - 122S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.P. Ottervanger, P. Armstrong, E.S. Barnathan, E. Boersma, J.S. Cooper, E.M. Ohman, S. James, E. Topol, L. Wallentin, M.L. Simoons, et al. Long-Term Results After the Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitor Abciximab in Unstable Angina: One-Year Survival in the GUSTO IV-ACS (Global Use of Strategies To Open Occluded Coronary Arteries IV--Acute Coronary Syndrome) Trial Circulation, January 28, 2003; 107(3): 437 - 442. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. L. Bhatt, B. I. Lee, P. J. Casterella, M. Pulsipher, M. Rogers, M. Cohen, V. E. Corrigan, T. J. Ryan Jr, J. A. Breall, J. W. Moses, et al. Safety of concomitant therapy with eptifibatide and enoxaparin in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: Results of the coronary revascularization using integrilin and single bolus enoxaparin study J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., January 1, 2003; 41(1): 20 - 25. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. E. Bertrand, M. L. Simoons, K. A.A. Fox, L. C. Wallentin, C. W. Hamm, E. McFadden, P. J. De Feyter, G. Specchia, and W. Ruzyllo Management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation Eur. Heart J., December 1, 2002; 23(23): 1809 - 1840. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P J Sheridan and D C Crossman Critical review of unstable angina and non-ST elevation myocardial infarction Postgrad. Med. J., December 1, 2002; 78(926): 717 - 726. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Chun, B. A. Orser, and M. Madan Platelet Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors: Overview and Implications for the Anesthesiologist Anesth. Analg., October 1, 2002; 95(4): 879 - 888. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E.M. Antman 'I can see clearly now': a new view on the use of IV GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors in acute coronary syndromes Eur. Heart J., September 2, 2002; 23(18): 1408 - 1411. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Roffi, D.P. Chew, D. Mukherjee, D.L. Bhatt, J.A. White, D.J. Moliterno, C. Heeschen, C.W. Hamm, M.A. Robbins, N.S. Kleiman, et al. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition in acute coronary syndromes. Gradient of benefit related to the revascularization strategy Eur. Heart J., September 2, 2002; 23(18): 1441 - 1448. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Al Suwaidi, D. N. Reddan, K. Williams, K. S. Pieper, R. A. Harrington, R. M. Califf, C. B. Granger, E. M. Ohman, D. R. Holmes Jr, and for the GUSTO-IIb, GUSTO-III, PURSUIT, and PARAGON Prognostic Implications of Abnormalities in Renal Function in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes Circulation, August 20, 2002; 106(8): 974 - 980. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. L. DeMets and R. M. Califf Lessons Learned From Recent Cardiovascular Clinical Trials: Part II Circulation, August 13, 2002; 106(7): 880 - 886. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. J. Quinn, E. F. Plow, and E. J. Topol Platelet Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors: Recognition of a Two-Edged Sword? Circulation, July 16, 2002; 106(3): 379 - 385. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. M. Al-Khatib, C. B. Granger, Y. Huang, K. L. Lee, R. M. Califf, M. L. Simoons, P. W. Armstrong, F. Van de Werf, H. D. White, R. J. Simes, et al. Sustained Ventricular Arrhythmias Among Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes With No ST-Segment Elevation: Incidence, Predictors, and Outcomes Circulation, July 16, 2002; 106(3): 309 - 312. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S A Harding, N A Boon, and A D Flapan Antiplatelet treatment in unstable angina: aspirin, clopidogrel, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist, or all three? Heart, July 1, 2002; 88(1): 11 - 14. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F.W.G. Leebeek, E. Boersma, C.P. Cannon, F.J.J. van de Werf, and M.L. Simoons Oral glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitors in patients with cardiovascular disease: why were the results so unfavourable Eur. Heart J., March 2, 2002; 23(6): 444 - 457. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G.F. Gensini and B. Dilaghi The unstable plaque Eur. Heart J. Suppl., March 1, 2002; 4(suppl_B): B22 - B27. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Titrated Intravenous Lamifiban for Acute Coronary Syndromes Circulation, January 22, 2002; 105(3): 316 - 321. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Labinaz, R. Kilaru, K. Pieper, S. P. Marso, M. M. Kitt, M. L. Simoons, R. M. Califf, E. J. Topol, P. W. Armstrong, and R. A. Harrington Outcomes of Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes and Prior Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: Results From the Platelet Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa in Unstable Angina: Receptor Suppression Using Integrilin Therapy (PURSUIT) Trial Circulation, January 22, 2002; 105(3): 322 - 327. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R.E. Brown, R.A. Henderson, D. Koster, J. Hutton, and M.L. Simoons Cost effectiveness of eptifibatide in acute coronary syndromes. An economic analysis of Western European patients enrolled in the PURSUIT trial Eur. Heart J., January 1, 2002; 23(1): 50 - 58. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Roffi, D. P. Chew, D. Mukherjee, D. L. Bhatt, J. A. White, C. Heeschen, C. W. Hamm, D. J. Moliterno, R. M. Califf, H. D. White, et al. Platelet Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors Reduce Mortality in Diabetic Patients With Non-ST-Segment-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes Circulation, December 4, 2001; 104(23): 2767 - 2771. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Schweizer, A. Muller, L. Forkmann, G. Hellner, and W. Kirch Potential Use of a Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin to Prevent Restenosis in Patients with Extensive Wall Damage Following Peripheral Angioplasty Angiology, October 1, 2001; 52(10): 659 - 669. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G MANOHARAN and A A J ADGEY Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors and acute coronary syndromes: summary report of the full submission to NICE, and beyond Heart, September 1, 2001; 86(3): 259 - 261. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. E. Tardiff, L. K. Jennings, R. A. Harrington, D. Gretler, R. F. Potthoff, D. A. Vorchheimer, P. R. Eisenberg, A. M. Lincoff, M. Labinaz, D. M. Joseph, et al. Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics of Eptifibatide in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes: Prospective Analysis From PURSUIT Circulation, July 24, 2001; 104(4): 399 - 405. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Kaul, Y. Fu, W.-C. Chang, R. A. Harrington, G. S. Wagner, S. G. Goodman, C. B. Granger, D. J. Moliterno, F. Van de Werf, R. M. Califf, et al. Prognostic value of ST segment depression in acute coronary syndromes: insights from PARAGON-A applied to GUSTO-IIb J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 1, 2001; 38(1): 64 - 71. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Hirsh, S. S. Anand, J. L. Halperin, and V. Fuster Guide to Anticoagulant Therapy: Heparin : A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., July 1, 2001; 21 (7): e9 - e9. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Hirsh, S. S. Anand, J. L. Halperin, and V. Fuster Guide to Anticoagulant Therapy: Heparin : A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association Circulation, June 19, 2001; 103(24): 2994 - 3018. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. J KNIGHT National Institute for Clinical Excellence guidance: too NICE to glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors? Heart, May 1, 2001; 85(5): 481 - 483. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. N. Levine, M. N. Ali, and A. I. Schafer Antithrombotic Therapy in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes Arch Intern Med, April 9, 2001; 161(7): 937 - 948. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. A. O'Rourke, J. S. Hochman, M. C. Cohen, C. L. Lucore, J. J. Popma, and C. P. Cannon New Approaches to Diagnosis and Management of Unstable Angina and Non-ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Arch Intern Med, March 12, 2001; 161(5): 674 - 682. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 U. Rauch, J. I. Osende, V. Fuster, J. J. Badimon, Z. Fayad, and J. H. Chesebro Thrombus Formation on Atherosclerotic Plaques: Pathogenesis and Clinical Consequences Ann Intern Med, February 6, 2001; 134(3): 224 - 238. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S.K.S. Lairikyengbam, A.G. Davies, and M.H. Anderson Present treatment options for unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction QJM, January 1, 2001; 94(1): 5 - 11. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Schweizer, W. Kirch, R. Koch, A. Muller, G. Hellner, and L. Forkmann Short- and Long-Term Results of Abciximab Versus Aspirin in Conjunction with Thrombolysis for Patients with Peripheral Occlusive Arterial Disease and Arterial Thrombosis Angiology, November 1, 2000; 51(11): 913 - 923. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. L. Bhatt and E. J. Topol Current Role of Platelet Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors in Acute Coronary Syndromes JAMA, September 27, 2000; 284(12): 1549 - 1558. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Hasdai, R. A. Harrington, J. S. Hochman, R. M. Califf, A. Battler, J. W. Box, M. L. Simoons, J. Deckers, E. J. Topol, and D. R. Holmes Jr. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade and outcome of cardiogenic shock complicating acute coronary syndromes without persistent ST-segment elevation J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 1, 2000; 36(3): 685 - 692. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Braunwald, E. M. Antman, J. W. Beasley, R. M. Califf, M. D. Cheitlin, J. S. Hochman, R. H. Jones, D. Kereiakes, J. Kupersmith, T. N. Levin, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the managem |