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(Circulation. 1999;99:641-648.)
© 1999 American Heart Association, Inc.


Clinical Investigation and Reports

Relationship Between Na+-Ca2+–Exchanger Protein Levels and Diastolic Function of Failing Human Myocardium

Gerd Hasenfuss, MD; Wolfgang Schillinger, MD; Stephan E. Lehnart, MD; Michael Preuss, MD; Burkert Pieske, MD; Lars S. Maier, MD; Jürgen Prestle, PhD; Kazutomo Minami, MD; Hanjörg Just, MD

From Zentrum Innere Medizin (G.H., W.S., S.E.L., B.P., L.S.M., J.P.), Abteilung Kardiologie und Pneumologie, Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, FRG; Medizinische Klinik III (M.P., H.J.), Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, FRG; and Klinik für Thorax- und Kardiovascularchirurgie (K.M.), Herzzentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Bad Oeynhausen, FRG.

Correspondence to Gerd Hasenfuss, MD, Universität Göttingen, Zentrum Innere Medizin, Abteilung Kardiologie und Pneumologie, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, FRG. E-mail hasenfus{at}med.uni-goettingen.de

Background—In the failing human heart, sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) calcium handling is impaired, and therefore, calcium elimination and diastolic function may depend on the expression of sarcolemmal Na+-Ca2+ exchanger.

Methods and Results—Force-frequency relations were studied in ventricular muscle strip preparations from failing human hearts (n=29). Protein levels of Na+-Ca2+ exchanger and SR Ca2+-ATPase were measured in the same hearts. Hearts were divided into 3 groups by discriminant analysis according to the behavior of diastolic function when stimulation rate of muscle strips was increased from 30 to 180 min-1. At 180 compared with 30 min-1, diastolic force was increased by 160%, maximum rate of force decline was decreased by 46%, and relaxation time was unchanged in group III. In contrast, in group I, diastolic force and maximum rate of force decline did not change, and relaxation time decreased by 20%. Na+-Ca2+ exchanger was 66% higher in group I than in group III. Na+-Ca2+ exchanger was inversely correlated with the frequency-dependent rise of diastolic force when stimulation rate was increased (r=-0.74; P<0.001). Compared with nonfailing human hearts (n=6), SR Ca2+-ATPase was decreased and Na+-Ca2+ exchanger unchanged in group III, whereas Na+-Ca2+ exchanger was increased and SR Ca2+-ATPase unchanged in group I. Results with group II hearts were between those of group I and group III hearts.

Conclusions—By discriminating failing human hearts according to their diastolic function, we identified different phenotypes. Disturbed diastolic function occurs in hearts with decreased SR Ca2+-ATPase and unchanged Na+-Ca2+ exchanger, whereas increased expression of the Na+-Ca2+ exchanger is associated with preserved diastolic function.


Key Words: heart failure • calcium • myocardium • sarcoplasmic reticulum • diastole • proteins




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J.-Y. Min, M. F. Sullivan, X. Yan, X. Feng, V. Chu, J.-F. Wang, I. Amende, J. P. Morgan, K. D. Philipson, and T. G. Hampton
Overexpression of Na+/Ca2+ exchanger gene attenuates postinfarction myocardial dysfunction
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2002; 283(6): H2466 - H2471.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Circ. Res.Home page
A. M. Gomez, B. Schwaller, H. Porzig, G. Vassort, E. Niggli, and M. Egger
Increased Exchange Current but Normal Ca2+ Transport via Na+-Ca2+ Exchange During Cardiac Hypertrophy After Myocardial Infarction
Circ. Res., August 23, 2002; 91(4): 323 - 330.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Cardiovasc ResHome page
J. G.F Bronzwaer, C. Zeitz, C. A Visser, and W. J Paulus
Endomyocardial nitric oxide synthase and the hemodynamic phenotypes of human dilated cardiomyopathy and of athlete's heart
Cardiovasc Res, August 1, 2002; 55(2): 270 - 278.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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CirculationHome page
B. Pieske, L. S. Maier, V. Piacentino III, J. Weisser, G. Hasenfuss, and S. Houser
Rate Dependence of [Na+]i and Contractility in Nonfailing and Failing Human Myocardium
Circulation, July 23, 2002; 106(4): 447 - 453.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Eur Heart JHome page
W. Schillinger, H. Schneider, K. Minami, R. Ferrari, and G. Hasenfuss
Importance of sympathetic activation for the expression of Na+-Ca2+ exchanger in end-stage failing human myocardium
Eur. Heart J., July 2, 2002; 23(14): 1118 - 1124.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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CirculationHome page
S. Despa, M. A. Islam, C. R. Weber, S. M. Pogwizd, and D. M. Bers
Intracellular Na+ Concentration Is Elevated in Heart Failure But Na/K Pump Function Is Unchanged
Circulation, May 28, 2002; 105(21): 2543 - 2548.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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FASEB J.Home page
E. TAKIMOTO, A. YAO, H. TOKO, H. TAKANO, M. SHIMOYAMA, M. SONODA, K. WAKIMOTO, T. TAKAHASHI, H. AKAZAWA, M. MIZUKAMI, et al.
Sodium calcium exchanger plays a key role in alteration of cardiac function in response to pressure overload
FASEB J, March 1, 2002; 16(3): 373 - 378.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Cardiovasc ResHome page
K. R Sipido, P. G.A Volders, M. A Vos, and F. Verdonck
Altered Na/Ca exchange activity in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure: a new target for therapy?
Cardiovasc Res, March 1, 2002; 53(4): 782 - 805.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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CirculationHome page
F. del Monte, S. E. Harding, G. W. Dec, J. K. Gwathmey, and R. J. Hajjar
Targeting Phospholamban by Gene Transfer in Human Heart Failure
Circulation, February 26, 2002; 105(8): 904 - 907.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Circ. Res.Home page
J. G. Muller, Y. Isomatsu, S. V. Koushik, M. O'Quinn, L. Xu, C. S. Kappler, E. Hapke, M. R. Zile, S. J. Conway, and D. R. Menick
Cardiac-Specific Expression and Hypertrophic Upregulation of the Feline Na+-Ca2+ Exchanger Gene H1-Promoter in a Transgenic Mouse Model
Circ. Res., February 8, 2002; 90(2): 158 - 164.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Circ. Res.Home page
C. R. Weber, V. Piacentino III, K. S. Ginsburg, S. R. Houser, and D. M. Bers
Na+-Ca2+ Exchange Current and Submembrane [Ca2+] During the Cardiac Action Potential
Circ. Res., February 8, 2002; 90(2): 182 - 189.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Cardiovasc ResHome page
U. Schotten, M. Greiser, D. Benke, K. Buerkel, B. Ehrenteidt, C. Stellbrink, J. F Vazquez-Jimenez, F. Schoendube, P. Hanrath, and M. Allessie
Atrial fibrillation-induced atrial contractile dysfunction: a tachycardiomyopathy of a different sort
Cardiovasc Res, January 1, 2002; 53(1): 192 - 201.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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CirculationHome page
K. Sugishita, Z. Su, F. Li, K. D. Philipson, and W. H. Barry
Gender Influences [Ca2+]i During Metabolic Inhibition in Myocytes Overexpressing the Na+-Ca2+ Exchanger
Circulation, October 23, 2001; 104(17): 2101 - 2106.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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CirculationHome page
F. del Monte, E. Williams, D. Lebeche, U. Schmidt, A. Rosenzweig, J. K. Gwathmey, E. D. Lewandowski, and R. J. Hajjar
Improvement in Survival and Cardiac Metabolism After Gene Transfer of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+-ATPase in a Rat Model of Heart Failure
Circulation, September 18, 2001; 104(12): 1424 - 1429.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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CirculationHome page
H. Kubo, K. B. Margulies, V. Piacentino III, J. P. Gaughan, and S. R. Houser
Patients With End-Stage Congestive Heart Failure Treated With {beta}-Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists Have Improved Ventricular Myocyte Calcium Regulatory Protein Abundance
Circulation, August 28, 2001; 104(9): 1012 - 1018.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Cardiovasc ResHome page
S. J Conway and S. V Koushik
Cardiac sodium-calcium exchanger: a double-edged sword
Cardiovasc Res, August 1, 2001; 51(2): 194 - 197.
[Full Text] [PDF]


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Circ. Res.Home page
S. Adachi-Akahane and Y. Kurachi
New Era for Translational Research in Cardiac Arrhythmias
Circ. Res., June 8, 2001; 88(11): 1095 - 1096.
[Full Text] [PDF]


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Eur Heart JHome page
E. Braunwald
Congestive heart failure: a half century perspective
Eur. Heart J., May 2, 2001; 22(10): 825 - 836.
[PDF]


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Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.Home page
S. Y. Boateng, R. U. Naqvi, M. U. Koban, M. H. Yacoub, K. T. MacLeod, and K. R. Boheler
Low-dose ramipril treatment improves relaxation and calcium cycling after established cardiac hypertrophy
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, March 1, 2001; 280(3): H1029 - H1038.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.Home page
K. L. Golden, J. Ren, J. O'Connor, A. Dean, S. E. DiCarlo, and J. D. Marsh
In vivo regulation of Na/Ca exchanger expression by adrenergic effectors
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, March 1, 2001; 280(3): H1376 - H1382.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Cardiovasc ResHome page
A Baartscheer
Adenovirus gene transfer of SERCA in heart failure. A promising therapeutic approach ?
Cardiovasc Res, February 1, 2001; 49(2): 249 - 252.
[Full Text] [PDF]


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Cardiovasc ResHome page
G. Isenberg
How can overexpression of Na+,Ca2+-exchanger compensate the negative inotropic effects of downregulated SERCA?
Cardiovasc Res, January 1, 2001; 49(1): 1 - 6.
[Full Text] [PDF]


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Cardiovasc ResHome page
C. M.N. Terracciano, K. D. Philipson, and K. T. MacLeod
Overexpression of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger and inhibition of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase in ventricular myocytes from transgenic mice
Cardiovasc Res, January 1, 2001; 49(1): 38 - 47.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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CirculationHome page
P. M. Heerdt, J. W. Holmes, B. Cai, A. Barbone, J. D. Madigan, S. Reiken, D. L. Lee, M. C. Oz, A. R. Marks, and D. Burkhoff
Chronic Unloading by Left Ventricular Assist Device Reverses Contractile Dysfunction and Alters Gene Expression in End-Stage Heart Failure
Circulation, November 28, 2000; 102(22): 2713 - 2719.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Circ. Res.Home page
K. R. Sipido
Local Ca2+ Release in Heart Failure : Timing Is Important
Circ. Res., November 24, 2000; 87(11): 966 - 968.
[Full Text] [PDF]


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CirculationHome page
N. Satoh, T. M. Suter, R. Liao, and W. S. Colucci
Chronic {alpha}-Adrenergic Receptor Stimulation Modulates the Contractile Phenotype of Cardiac Myocytes In Vitro
Circulation, October 31, 2000; 102(18): 2249 - 2254.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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CirculationHome page
K. R. Sipido, P. G. A. Volders, S. H. M. de Groot, F. Verdonck, F. Van de Werf, H. J. J. Wellens, and M. A. Vos
Enhanced Ca2+ Release and Na/Ca Exchange Activity in Hypertrophied Canine Ventricular Myocytes : Potential Link Between Contractile Adaptation and Arrhythmogenesis
Circulation, October 24, 2000; 102(17): 2137 - 2144.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Circ. Res.Home page
S. M. Pogwizd
Increased Na+-Ca2+ Exchanger in the Failing Heart
Circ. Res., October 13, 2000; 87(8): 641 - 643.
[Full Text] [PDF]


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Circ. Res.Home page
I. A. Hobai and B. O'Rourke
Enhanced Ca2+-Activated Na+-Ca2+ Exchange Activity in Canine Pacing-Induced Heart Failure
Circ. Res., October 13, 2000; 87(8): 690 - 698.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.Home page
P. Trouve, F. Carre, I. Belikova, C. Leclercq, T. Dakhli, L. Soufir, I. Coquard, J. Ramirez-Gil, and D. Charlemagne
Na+-K+-ATPase alpha 2-isoform expression in guinea pig hearts during transition from compensation to decompensation
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, October 1, 2000; 279(4): H1972 - H1981.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Cardiovasc ResHome page
S. Gupta, A. J.C Prahash, and I. S Anand
Myocyte contractile function is intact in the post-infarct remodeled rat heart despite molecular alterations
Cardiovasc Res, October 1, 2000; 48(1): 77 - 88.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Circ. Res.Home page
W. H. Barry
Na+-Ca2+ Exchange in Failing Myocardium : Friend or Foe?
Circ. Res., September 29, 2000; 87(7): 529 - 531.
[Full Text] [PDF]


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Circ. Res.Home page
W. Schillinger, P. M. L. Janssen, S. Emami, S. A. Henderson, R. S. Ross, N. Teucher, O. Zeitz, K. D. Philipson, J. Prestle, and G. Hasenfuss
Impaired Contractile Performance of Cultured Rabbit Ventricular Myocytes After Adenoviral Gene Transfer of Na+-Ca2+ Exchanger
Circ. Res., September 29, 2000; 87(7): 581 - 587.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Circ. Res.Home page
K. Ito, X. Yan, M. Tajima, Z. Su, W. H. Barry, and B. H. Lorell
Contractile Reserve and Intracellular Calcium Regulation in Mouse Myocytes From Normal and Hypertrophied Failing Hearts
Circ. Res., September 29, 2000; 87(7): 588 - 595.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Circ. Res.Home page
S. Nattel and D. Li
Ionic Remodeling in the Heart : Pathophysiological Significance and New Therapeutic Opportunities for Atrial Fibrillation
Circ. Res., September 15, 2000; 87(6): 440 - 447.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
L.-Q. Zhang, X.-Q. Zhang, T. I. Musch, R. L. Moore, and J. Y. Cheung
Sprint training restores normal contractility in postinfarction rat myocytes
J Appl Physiol, September 1, 2000; 89(3): 1099 - 1105.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]