on July 23, 2007
Published online before print July 23, 2007, doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.689935
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Submitted on January 12, 2007
From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s Framingham Heart Study (R.D., T.J.W., C.S.F., R.S.V.), Framingham, Mass; Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (R.D., J.M.G.), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass; Division of Aging (R.D., J.M.G.), Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Alice Peck Day Memorial Hospital (R.D.), Lebanon, NH; Department of Biostatistics (L.S., R.B.D.), Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Mass; Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging (P.F.J.), Tufts University, Boston, Mass; Division of Cardiology (T.J.W.) and Department of Medicine (J.B.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (C.S.F.), Bethesda, Md; Divisions of Preventive Medicine and Cardiovascular Medicine (J.M.G.), Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Mass; and Cardiology Section and the Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology (R.S.V.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass. * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: vasan{at}bu.edu.
Background--Consumption of soft drinks has been linked to obesity in children and adolescents, but it is unclear whether it increases metabolic risk in middle-aged individuals. Methods and Results--We related the incidence of metabolic syndrome and its components to soft drink consumption in participants in the Framingham Heart Study (6039 person-observations, 3470 in women; mean age 52.9 years) who were free of baseline metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome was defined as the presence of Conclusions--In middle-aged adults, soft drink consumption is associated with a higher prevalence and incidence of multiple metabolic risk factors.
Accepted on May 15, 2007
Soft Drink Consumption and Risk of Developing Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and the Metabolic Syndrome in Middle-Aged Adults in the Community
Ravi Dhingra MD,
3 of the following: waist circumference 35 inches (women) or 40 inches (men); fasting blood glucose 100 mg/dL; serum triglycerides 150 mg/dL; blood pressure 135/85 mm Hg; and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol <40 mg/dL (men) or <50 mg/dL (women). Multivariable models included adjustments for age, sex, physical activity, smoking, dietary intake of saturated fat, trans fat, fiber, magnesium, total calories, and glycemic index. Cross-sectionally, individuals consuming 1 soft drink per day had a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome (odds ratio [OR], 1.48; 95% CI, 1.30 to 1.69) than those consuming <1 drink per day. On follow-up (mean of 4 years), new-onset metabolic syndrome developed in 765 (18.7%) of 4095 participants consuming <1 drink per day and in 474 (22.6%) of 2059 persons consuming 1 soft drink per day. Consumption of 1 soft drink per day was associated with increased odds of developing metabolic syndrome (OR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.20 to 1.74), obesity (OR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.68), increased waist circumference (OR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.09 to 1.56), impaired fasting glucose (OR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.05 to 1.48), higher blood pressure (OR, 1.18; 95% CI, 0.96 to 1.44), hypertriglyceridemia (OR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.51), and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (OR, 1.32; 95% CI 1.06 to 1.64).
Key words: diabetes mellitus • metabolic syndrome • epidemiology • obesity • risk factors • carbonated beverages
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Circulation 2007 116: 457.[Extract] [Full Text]
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